Bad Teachers

The poor teaching habits of teachers shows greatly in the way students learn. It causes students to become unmotivated, drop out, and it also increases their chances of going to prison. In the documentary â€Å"Waiting for Superman† states that because of bad teachers students are more likely to fail and drop out of school. In the documentary they showed that bad teachers just sat in class and slept or did not teach but since they had tenure they could not be fired without going through paperwork and courts. The students are what suffer the most because of this.Bad teachers are the main cause of failing grades, unmotivated students, and the increase of high school dropouts in prisons. The lackadaisical mentors cause students to hate what they are learning and not want to learn. It also causes them to not go to class and start to fail. The documentary stated that careless teachers only cover fifty percent of the material while good teachers can cover three times that. In my hig h school we had a teacher who didn’t make class worth coming to. She would give notes and handouts and sit at her desk the whole class.It made it really hard for me to learn, or want to learn. I basically had to teach myself algebra because she wouldn’t. Then when the next year came along I had no idea what we were learning. My lazy teacher ruined mathematics for me. When students become unmotivated they start to fail their classes because they think they can’t learn, or they are stupid, when in reality it is the teachers fault. Failing students can become depressed or not care what happens to their future but they don’t realize that with failing grades colleges won’t accept you, and if you do get into a college you won’t know the material.Bad teachers are the cause of unmotivated students because when students don’t have fun learning they won’t want to learn. When students don’t want to learn it ruins their chances of g etting good grades in that class and also other classes. Prisons are filled with high school dropouts because they can’t get a good job without a diploma. To make extra money they may sell drugs or rob people and when they get caught they go to jail. I personally believe that if the school system was fixed there wouldn’t be as much crime because people would want to learn and go to college to make good money. The cause of all of this goes back to the teachers. Waiting for Superman† shows the statistics of high school dropouts to inmates in prison and they were very high. The school system needs revised so that students can get a better education and be able to succeed in life. Until we can do this the bad teachers will continue to ruin students’ education making them not want to learn or end up dropping out. The documentary â€Å"Waiting for Superman† was very educational of how schools cannot change due to tenure and unions. I believe that bad teac hers will never go away until they start to notice that this generation is failing because of the education we need but did not receive.

Food Inflations-the Real Problem of Common Man in India

In simple terms inflation, or price rise is caused by too much money chasing too few goods, or, demand being more than supply. The free play of the twin market forces of demand and supply determine the price of any commodity or service. In a mixed economy like India, Government is also an important player in the market. Hence to search for the causes of inflation, becomes somewhat complex. The last couple of months witnessed a sudden and almost a run-away type of food inflation. The way the price of vegetables and other food items soared, it created doubts in the minds of the common people and the economists alike. Winter is generally the time when fruits & vegetables are at the lowest prices. This was not so this year. The prices were way above the expected normal. This happened in spite of the normal monsoon and average inflation in other sectors. It was the other way round this time. Inflation in the food sector spilled to other sectors causing the rise in overall inflation. The government and RBI are working on the lines of monetary regulations like change in the interest rates, CRR etc. But looking at the way the food prices are stuck at the higher side, don’t these monetary measures appear just temporary remedies? There are certain deeper, grass root causes which have to be actually tackled. India has come a long way in case of food grain productivity. There was a time when our Balance of payments, account was always weighed down by food grain imports and the debts incurred for these essential imports. It is not so anymore. We are self reliant now. In case of sugar, global prices are determined by the amount of India’s sugar production! States like Punjab, Haryana and Gujarat are doing well in the field of agriculture. Production may be slightly short of demand considering the huge population. Such inflation can be checked by importing. But our problem is actually the middlemen. There is a huge difference between the cost of production and the price the final consumer pays. The farmer gets a very small amount of this profit/difference of cost and final price. For example – If we are buying a vegetable for Rs. 40 per kg. , the dealer at the wholesale market gets Rs. 10 per Kg. , and the poor farmer gets a meager Rs. 3. Again this Rs. 40 too will differ depending on the locality it is being sold. Then there is always the problem of black marketing & illegal stocking of goods to get a higher price. So we actually need checks on the middlemen and the retailers. Secondly, the system of direct farm to shops has to be developed, so that the farmers are the real beneficiaries. This will also motivate the farmers to increase production. Wastage is another important avoidable problem, leading to shortage. Production we have raised. But so much is wasted because we still are a laggard when it comes to state of the art storage facilities. Even the government’s huge food buffer stock lies unused till it gets finally rotten. Why doesn’t the government release its buffer stock on time to check shortage and food inflation? Is the buffer stock merely for psychological security? The government has raised the support prices of some food items. This along with the rural employment schemes and high urban salaries has also infused excess money in the market causing the inflation. Lastly, does the government know or sincerely follow, what is happening to the prices which are subsidized or fixed by the government? There are cases where the inflation will not show in the Government statistics, but will certainly affect our household budget. As usual when the Union Budget is presented, all eyes will be on the Finance Minister and his speech will be thoroughly scanned for all the implications on the economy. But this time, there is one particular reason why ordinary citizens will be specially focused on the Budget: the hope that the Government is finally going to act decisively to contain food price inflation. It is not surprising that questions of food security and the right to food have become such urgent political and social issues in India today. Rapid aggregate income growth over the past two decades has not addressed the basic issue of ensuring the food security of the population. Instead, nutrition indicators have stagnated and per capita calorie consumption has actually declined, suggesting that the problem of hunger may have got worse rather than better. So, despite apparent material progress in the last decade, India is one of the worst countries in the world in terms of hunger among the population, and the number of hungry people in India is reported by the UN to have increased between the early 1990s and the mid-2000s. These very depressing indicators were calculated even before the recent rise in food prices in India, which is likely to have made matters much worse. Indeed, the rise in food prices in the past two years has been higher than any period since the mid-1970s, when such inflation sparked widespread social unrest and political instability. What is especially remarkable is that food prices have been rising even when the general price index (for wholesale prices) has been almost flat; thus, when the overall inflation rate was only 1-2 per cent in the past year, food prices increased by nearly 20 per cent. Sharp rise in prices It is evident that the price increase has been so rapid as to be alarming especially over the past two years, with rice prices increasing by nearly half in Northern cities and more than half in Southern cities. Atta prices have on average increased by around one-fifth from their level of two years ago. The most shocking increase has been in sugar prices, which have more than doubled across the country. Other food items, ranging from pulses and dal to milk and vegetables, have also shown dramatic increase especially in the past year. There are many reasons why food prices have risen at such a rapid rate, and all of them point to major failures of state policy. Domestic food production has been adversely affected by neoliberal economic policies that have opened up trade and exposed farmers to volatile international prices even as internal support systems have been dismantled and input prices have been rising continuously. Inadequate agricultural research, poor extension services, overuse of groundwater, and incentives for unsuitable cropping patterns have caused degeneration of soil quality and reduced the productivity of land and other inputs. Women farmers, who constitute a large (and growing) proportion of those tilling the land, have been deprived of many of the rights of cultivators, ranging from land titles to access to institutional credit, knowledge and inputs, and this too has affected the productivity and viability of cultivation. Poor distribution But in addition to production, poor distribution, growing concentration in the market and inadequate public involvement, have all been crucial in allowing food prices to rise in this appalling manner. Successive governments at the Centre have been reducing the scope of the public food distribution system, and even now, in the face of the massive increase in prices, the Central Government is delaying the allocation of food grains for the Above Poverty Line population to the States. This has prevented the public system from becoming a viable alternative for consumers and preventing private speculation and hoarding. In addition, allowing corporates (both domestic and foreign companies) to enter the market for grains and other food items has led to some increase in concentration of distribution. This has not been adequately studied, but it has many adverse implications, including the fact that farmers will benefit less from period of high prices even as consumers suffer, because the benefit will be garnered by middlemen. Sugar is slightly more complicated, as marketing margins appear to show different trends in different regions and also tend to be significantly lower than the other major crops. The dramatic increase in sugar prices is more a reflection of massive policy errors over the past two years, in terms of supply and domestic price management and exports and imports. Marketing margins So what exactly is happening? It appears that there are forces that are allowing marketing margins — at both wholesale and retail levels — to increase. This means that the direct producers, the farmers, do not get the benefit of the rising prices which consumers in both rural and urban areas are forced to pay. The factors behind these increasing retail margins need to be studied in much more detail. In addition to this, there is also initial evidence that there has been a process of concentration of crop distribution, as more and more corporate entities get involved in this activity. Such companies are both national and multinational. On the basis of international experience, their involvement in food distribution initially tends to bring down marketing margins and then leads to their increase as concentration grows. This may have been the case in certain Indian markets, but this is an area that clearly merits further examination. Many people have argued, convincingly, that increased and more stable food production is the key to food security in the country. This is certainly true, and it calls for concerted public action for agriculture, on the basis of many recommendations that have already been made by the Farmers' Commission and others. But another very important element cannot be ignored: food distribution. Here too, the recent trends make it evident that an efficiently functioning and widespread public system for distributing essential food items is important to prevent retail margins from rising. Food security A universal system of public food distribution provides economies of scale; it reduces the transaction costs and administrative hassles involved in ascertaining the target group and making sure it reaches them; it allows for better public provision because even the better-off groups with more political voice have a stake in making sure it works well; it generates greater stability in government plans for ensuring food production and procurement. It is clear that emergency measures are required to strengthen public food distribution, in addition to medium-term policies to improve domestic food supply. A properly funded, efficiently functioning and accountable system of public delivery of food items through a network of fair price shops and co-operatives is the best and most cost-effective way of limiting increases in food prices and ensuring that every citizen has access to enough food. In a context in which the inflation is concentrated on food prices, measures such as raising the interest rate are counterproductive because they affect all producers without striking at the heart of the problem. Instead, if he is serious about curtailing food inflation, the Finance Minister must provide substantially more funds to enable a proper and effect to public food distribution system. Inflation Statistics. Snapping the five week rising trend, food inflation softened to 16. 91 per cent for the week ended January 1, 2011, although vegetables, onions and protein-based items continued to remained costly. Food inflation fell by 1. 41 percentage points from 18. 32 per cent recorded in the previous reporting week. Even as the index of food inflation showed a meagre decline, vegetable prices soared by 70. 3 per cent on an annual basis in the wholesale market, official data showed. Also onions continued to pinch the pocket of the common man as the prices went up by 70. 70 per cent on a year on year basis. Among the individual items in the food inflation index, egg, meat and fish became costly by 16. 70 per cent, milk by 13. 20 per cent and fruits by 17. 71 per cent annually. However, prices of pulses declined by 14. 84 per cent, wheat by 4. 87 per cent, potatoes by 1. 67 per cent and cereals by 0. 12 per cent on an annual basis. Meanwhile, in the non-food category, the prices of fibers and minerals have climbed up by 36. 1 per cent and 16. 70 per cent, respectively. India’s food inflation rose marginally to 15. 57 percent for the week ended January 15 from previous week’s 15. 52 percent. According to official figures from country’s Commerce ministry, the primary articles price index was up 17. 26 per cent in the latest week, compared with an annual rise of 17. 03 per cent a week earlier. India has the highest food inflation of any major Asian economy, but other emerging markets such as China and Brazil are also battling double-digit food price rises.

Selfawareness and career management feedbaack Essay - 1

Selfawareness and career management feedbaack - Essay Example The essence of self-Management is self-awareness. You cannot manage anything without adequate and accurate information. The same applies to the management of self. I will be looking carefully at my MBTI results and analyzing them. Any single one of these instruments need not be accurate and sufficient in it self. If a combination of them is pointing me in a similar direction there could be something, which is of importance there. As such I would also look at the feedback that I have received from my colleagues. And then summarise these using the Johari window. I would however like to begin with what I call are my core cultural values. Core Cultural Values Theses are values, which have moulded me to what I am today, and make me function the way I do. Discovering them has been a journey, which is still in progress. The initial uncovering of these values began with me understanding something about my family of origin. My family is a close knit entrepreneurial family. One of the core val ues of my family of origin is family honour. Right and wrong have been important elements of my family. However when it comes to family honour they can be clouded. While I have seen that most of my friends in the west appear to look down on this. I see this as something that can be very comparable to the team ethic that is being increasingly talked about in the business studies arena and in corporate language. In my newfound western setting my belief then is that team goals must supersede individual goals. As my personality goes this is very difficult for me, and I have to remind myself that I have to function in this manner. This is difficult for me as seen from my timeline in appendix ‘1’. I have been a very successful student. Success in studies is an individual success, and defeat in academics is largely an individual defeat. As seen it is only in my adult life that I have started to enjoy and be good at sports. This has begun to moderate my individual yearnings. In dividual success in studies has worked well for me as it has enlarged family pride. Due to this it has been well supported by my family. In my adult life I have begun to step out of the family business and flap my wings in a more management type setting than my family entrepreneurial setting. I soon realize that I cannot take support from people around me for granted like in a family setting. I have to earn this support, and there was somewhat of a learning curve before I understood, that to get support you have to give support. This was somewhat foreign to me until I looked at my colleagues as team members. When I began to look at them, as family it became even easier. I am still very individualistic but realize that I need the support of those around me, which is not a given. It has to be earned. Earned by supporting them. The second aspect of core cultural values comes from my religious beliefs. My faith has been an integral part of me. While my belief is very fatalistic, it has still also taught me to believe that I can make a difference. Living with this two-sided tension has not been easy, until a friend pointed out that it is a good thing, which can cause me to mature very fast. I have tried to hold onto that explanation in recent times. While God is taking care of things in this world according to his plan that he wants me to make my contribution as well. This has caused me to come to an understanding that I cannot leave problems to be attended by

Read two articles and write an essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Read two articles and write an - Essay Example ribe the bankruptcy of the Chinese feudal system and culture; whereas Nam Le recounts Yamata’s description of life in Hiroshima during the American aerial bombardment of World War II. On the one hand, A Madman’s diary is meant to be highly critical of the Chinese government and traditional form of culture for delivering the Chinese people into such hardships as they experienced during the first half of the 20th century, Yamata’s story also recounts hardships and privations but invokes Bushido and love of Fatherland at nearly every turn in order to rally her spirit. The protagonist in A Madman’s diary spends a great deal of time concerned over the fate of future generations due to the fact that he sees society crumbling around him. Due to this image of utter degradation and loss of direction, balance, and reason, the protagonist sees little hope in his homeland for the future generation to thrive. Naturally, the historical backdrop to this centers upon the ongoing occupation of Chinese land by Japanese soldiers, a complete breakdown in governance and leadership by the Nationalist Chinese forces, and the concurrent civil war that exists. In short, this is a time of utter and complete societal upheaval that affects every single citizen on a deeply personal level. Likewise, in Hiroshima, Yamata’s mother shows a brief glimmer of maternal instinct as she recalls what life was like for her in Hiroshima when she was a child, how it differed from the life the family lives currently and how she longs for those days to come again. Additionally, Yamata’s mother implores her to stay alive no matter what happens. Yamata’s mother dubs Yamata as â€Å"her heart†; saying that even if she dies – at least her heart will live on. Drawing a parallel to how strong the culture and propaganda levels of China were as compared to Japan in the given stories would be an exercise in futility. Even though it appears as though the Bushido code and willingness to endure

Techniques available for Resource allocation and aggregation in Essay

Techniques available for Resource allocation and aggregation in Construction Project Management - Essay Example Resource management is more important in construction Management because common resources are utilized for different projects and it is essential that Project Scheduling be done keeping the resources availability into consideration. The project planning should be resource oriented scheduled. When we talk about resources for construction industry we will confine ourselves with human resources, financial resources and machinery and equipments. It is a common phenomenon that all projects suffer from resource constraint, abundant resources are not available at the disposal of the managers, nor is it desirable. The management skill lies with the optimum utilization of resources and that is possible only in case of resource constraints. Take example for an organization where simultaneously multiple projects are into operation, the available manpower, Machinery and Equipment needs to be properly deployed and needs to be planned along with the project plan so that same machineries can be used in all the projects. Skilled manpower also can be shared by the projects by simply proper planning of the projects. The activities of each of the projects needs to be scheduled in such a way that deployment of the skilled manpower and machinery is synchronized. The project scheduling exercise should include the resource scheduling also. Here we will first discuss the process of decision-making followed by the techniques available for resource allocation and aggregatio

The Audit Report and Internal Control Evaluation Essay

The Audit Report and Internal Control Evaluation - Essay Example It is the responsibility of the management of Apollo Shoes Incorporation to prepare these financial statements. We are responsible to conduct the audit of financial statements of the company and to express an opinion on the basis of audit findings. In addition to the audit we have also audited management’s assessment, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, that APOLLO SHOES, INC. maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2007, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO criteria). APOLLO SHOES’ management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of internal control over financial reporting. ... Our audit of the financial statements including examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, evaluating management’s assessment, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounti ng principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely

Individual paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual paper - Essay Example I find my posture as the most important physical attribute in my life. In addition, the endurance that ensures that I participate in tough physical activities for long is another physical attribute I liked in my life. On the other hand, I find my body as evenly built with the features being proportional to each other. I also consider myself as one who is slow to aging. Finally, I find myself very flexible. The most important thing I need to change is my perfectionism nature. I should realize that we do not exist in a perfect world and accept failure. Similarly, I need to be more courageous in life and accept all challenges that were thrown my way. On the other hand, I find myself as a person who loses the drive and motivation to move ahead despite the challenges that are my way. In effect, this has prevented me to achieve many milestones in life, and I need to change this trait. Importantly, I should instill persistence and the personality trait of optimism in order to achieve a lot in life. Biological theories of homosexuality fit into the discussion about reproduction and sexuality. In this case, these theories only worked to alienate the homosexuals from the society and only classify them as the ‘other’ people who were different from what the society considered the normal. In this case, the theories explained the causes of homosexuality while also working towards excluding homosexuals from the society as a peculiar practice. Despite all this, the theories also played a significant role in advocating for homosexuality with each theory being a specific therapy as a cure for homosexuality. The issue of abortion has been one of the most controversial issues in the history of the United States. The issue has made the discussion focus on two opposing sides in the debate with one side being pro-life while the other side is pro-choice. Nonetheless, there are pros and cons that abound in each side of the debate.

Self Adaptive Information System - a Myth or a Possibility Term Paper

Self Adaptive Information System - a Myth or a Possibility - Term Paper Example It just needs to observe certain shared principles. But can such software then become foolproof' 3. A fundamental premise is that much, perhaps still all, software is rooted in how the human brain operates. Software is in this sense the externalization of the brain's own behavior. Software capability, and complexity, has evolved as designers understand more and better about their own thought processes. 5. Suppose software could in some sense "step outside" the human framework. Can such a "mind of its own" be simultaneously CAS and foolproof' G'del's theories suggest that this would not be universally possible: in ever increasing complexity required to produce CAS, insoluble problems will always arise, at some point a CAS will be required to "guess" as it will not be able to rationally compute an answer. The solution may be to make every CAS to an order of complexity greater than the task for which it is destined. G'del allows for the extension of the system to solve problems. Simply, new insoluble problems will arise, but these may be made to lie outside the domain concerned, so that the CAS becomes foolproof within a defined domain. 6. As an extension of these notions, empirical evidence suggests that very complex systems are still inherently "buggy" and that software bugs will always appear no matter what the design methodology. Designers and perhaps the CAS itself can repair bugs in the CAS. It then becomes an iterative process as in 5. to get to a stage where a CAS is foolproof within a defined domain, although no guarantee is given for the universal case. 7. Given that software is a manifestation of the human mind, it is likely to evolve with the same possibilities and constraints. Therefore it will never be 100% foolproof, just foolproof in a defined domain, and the time to realize such a system will be a function of the complexity and the breadth of the domain. 8. As a final remark, a CAS may not be foolproof per se, but may well be able to fool a human being. See Turing's remark about the situation when a human being can no longer tell whether the interaction with an entity behind a computer screen is in fact with another human being or a machine. In this restricted sense, the foolproof software CAS is already

McCrae and Costas Concept of Introversion Essay Example for Free

McCrae and Costas Concept of Introversion Essay 1.According to McCrae and Costa, Neuroticism are factors or traits characterized by anxiousness, depression, tension, irrational behavior, moodiness, low self-esteem, guilt feelings, worriedness, insecurity nervousness and are high strung. Sabrina would score high in neuroticism because she possesses some of the traits or factors. In the case study, Sabrina is insecure and has a low self-esteem because she is not satisfied with her body and she wishes to have surgery to correct her supposed â€Å"defects† such as her nose too big, her small breast, she looks fat even though she is not, she also wants to look less African-American . 2.Openness to experience according to McCrae and Costa is characterized by factors such as originality, independence, creativity and a daring attitude. Sabrina would also score high on this because she is very original and creative, an example is that when Sabrina dresses up for her job as a waitress, she tries out different roles; wearing loud, flamboyant and gregarious outfits in order to perfect her acting skills. She is also very daring and independent; Sabrina likes to try new things, such as dressing in the bohemian way and incorporating African-American styles as well, she also tries different foods which include Ethiopian food, and she also loves to travel. 3.McCrae and Costa’s concept of introversion and extraversion is very similar to that of Carl Jung. They both see extraverts as outgoing, open, sociable, and lively and oriented to the external world, introverts are seen as shy people. Carl believes that everyone possesses both attitudes and can exhibit both but only one is dominant, and while Eysenck believes that these attitudes or traits tends to remain stable throughout one’s life despite the different social and environmental experiences people have.

A View From the Bridge in Act One Essay Example for Free

A View From the Bridge in Act One Essay A View from the Bridge is a play written by Arthur Miller. This play is set in America in the 1950s, in an Italian American neighbourhood under the Brooklyn Bridge in New York. The area Eddie Carbone and his family live in is called Red Hook, a tightly knit community where neighbours are almost like family and everyone knows everything about each other. Red Hook is a poor area where all the families are in the same situation; men work at the docks and the women stay at home cooking, cleaning and caring for the children. Most of Millers work is set in America and portrays realistic characters and events. He deals with political and moral issues and weaves in ideas from Greek Tragedy. He is interested in how personal relationships dictate the way one leads ones life and about peoples struggles to do what is right. In this play, Eddie is the tragic hero; he mirrors the hubris characteristic. This will foreshadow to the audience that he will be the reason for his own downfall. The Hubris character, mentioned in one of Alfieris speeches, would tell the audience that Eddie would always thing that hes right and no one would be strong enough to stand up and prove him wrong. Miller gives us clues about the play through dramatic irony (audience will begin to understand that Eddies feelings towards his niece arent right), symbolism (the characters on stage use a lot of words that have several meanings, and one of those popular words in this play is sugar, which was mostly used to represent Catherine), foreshadowing (Miller gives us a straight introduction to the lawyer of this play who foreshadows a blood-shed ending. Eddie also foreshadows his own future actions by telling his family about Vinny Bolzano) and by using stage directions (the audience gets a better understanding of the play by looking at the positions of the different characters, for example, throughout this play Eddie slowly becomes separated from his family, he becomes isolated, this is represented through the different arrangements on scene, towards the end of act one, Eddies mostly found sitting or standing by himself). This can also be seen through Eddies language towards his niece (I dont like the looks they are giving you in the candy store), the names he calls her Kate, the way he behaves to her and also through Beatrices and Alfieris actions and conversations to Eddie to try and stop what Eddies doing. Each of the dramatic functions shows us that theres something wrong with Eddie and his relationship with his niece and this could also possibly cause his own downfall. This play mirrors a Greek tragedy where the outcome is known. In this Greek tragedy, the hubris character is represented as Eddie. Our narrator, Alfieri, whos also an unlucky lawyer, guides us throughout the play and he sometimes gives the audience hints and clues about whatll happen next. Hes the one who introduces the play at the beginning. He says In some Caesar year another lawyer heard the same complaint and sat there as powerless as I and watched run its bloody course. His speech tells us that what is going to happen is inevitable. It happens again and again and no one can stop it. The word bloody tells us that this play will end with blood, perhaps a death. Another lawyer backs up one of my previous point, which shows that this happens again and again. Caesar also shows us that this started years ago. These words also give us a basic idea of the settings. Miller wanted to retell this story with an ordinary family; this is foreshadowing the inevitable tragic ending. In this play our hero is Eddie, Eddie Carbone. He is a flawed-hero who doesnt recognise his feelings towards Catherine, whom he also calls Kate. However, hes not only a flaw-hero; hes also a real hero. His actions show us this, for example he welcomes the idea of the illegal immigrants. Eddie tells Beatrice that its an honour, B. I mean it. Hes benevolent as well as generous. Eddie has supported his family and has also brought up Catherine. So in this section, Miller uses foreshadowing and Greek characters to make the audience aware of the tragic ending. Through foreshadowing, he makes the audience conscious that he is a real-hero because he helps Catherine, looked after her for all these years and accepted the immigrants into his house without any trouble. But the audience will also be familiar with the fact that he is a flawed-hero, this is because of Alfieris speech, which is right at the beginning of the play. Alfieri mentions Hubris and that is the type of character that Eddie is mirroring. This will give a hint to the audience that his downfall would probably be caused by his own thoughts that others arent able to prove wrong, even if they do prove it wrong; Eddie ends up finding something wrong in there too. The whole man that Alfieri describes in Eddie is the self-interested man. Eddies actions within the play are completely motivated by his own desires at the expense of others. Hints about Eddies obsession with Catherine were given right at the beginning. This will also make the audience aware of a tragic ending, his incorrect kind of obsession will obviously cause his downfall, and furthermore the audience will also start to wonder the extremes that he will go to, to keep his niece safe from men. Eddies obsession has one way or another extended, this has also led him to more acts. The audience starts to realise this when he says you are walking wavy. This is not a usual relationship between an uncle and a niece. The audience will start to understand that something is wrong there. Wavy also emphasises the point that she does it on purpose, like moving her hips, its a natural thing to do, some people might suggest that shes also attention seeking. However other people might suggest that it suggests a sexual manner which Eddie accuses Catherine of having just in her walk. Eddie doesnt seem to know that hes over-protecting Catherine. He doesnt like her dressing-up herself, which could be seen as something that young girls usually do in the eyes of the audience. But others might also argue that hes just doing the job of a good uncle. However when he says Whats the high heels for garbo? , the way he says might again make the audience take their sides. Though the word garbo, the audience will realise that again his feelings are wrong, this is because he compares a beautiful actress to his niece. High heels also shows that he doesnt like other people seeing her in the way he does, she can look pretty in the house but in front of other men, she has to look simple. This will also the make the audience aware of his own downfall, his feelings towards Catherine arent right, he tries to lead and control the situation, and this also makes the audience anticipate whats going on between Eddie and Catherine. He also doesnt want her to have a job. The audience understands this when he says I know that neighbourhood B, I dont like it. Eddies again showing his over protectiveness by not allowing Catherine to go to work. This quote again can have lots of meanings, for example, some people might think that Eddie doesnt seem to like Kate to be working with other men, but others might suggest that its just Eddie looking at Catherine like a child, like a kid. Eddie definitely doesnt want Catherine to get mixed up with men. We see that when Catherine waves at Louis, Eddie seems to not like it even though Louis is just a well-known family friend. This might also be because he doesnt like her socialising with men. He tells her that he knows stuff about Louis that she doesnt know. Miller also foreshadows Eddies end by introducing the story of Vinnie. This is the story of a young boy who snitches on his own immigrant uncle. Eddie lectures Beatrice and Catherine in Act one, he says Just remember, kid, you can quicker get back a million dollars that was stole than a word that you gave away. This means that he know what the impacts will be if anyone found people at their house. This can also be seen as ironic because he ends up doing it himself just like the little boy so the audience might compare these two characters and decide that Eddie has the heart and brain of a kid when he phones them so he doesnt really know what he is doing. This quote also reveals that Eddie knows his own fate- he knows what will happen to him but cannot escape his fate. Much like Alfieri, Eddie watches himself make decisions he knows will not only ruin his reputation in the community, but also kill him. Eddie may know the consequences of what he does, but remains powerless or too mad to stop it. Miller sets up Eddie so vehemently against betrayal that his transition on the betrayer seems illogical, so this is another way in which Miller makes the audience aware of the tragic ending, he makes Eddie go to his extremes and the audience will just have to watch the consequences.

Production And Processing Of Maize

Production And Processing Of Maize Maize is the third largest planted crop after wheat and rice. It is mostly used and traded as a leading feed crop but is also an important food staple. In addition to food and feed, maize has wide range of industrial applications as well; from food processing to manufacturing of ethanol. Maize grown is primarily of three types Grain or field Maize, Sweet Maize used mainly as food Popcorn. There are four types of Grain Maize: (a) Dent Maize has a pronounced depression or dent at the crown of the kernels, (b) Flint Maize has the hard starch layer entirely surrounding the outer part of the kernel, (c) Flour, or soft, Maize contains almost entirely soft starch, with only a very thin layer of hard starch and (d) Waxy Maize has a wax-like endosperm 1.1 Global Maize Production The total area under maize cultivation in the world is 139 million hectares with a production of 598 million MT (mMT). Major producers are USA (240mMT), China (125 mMT), European Union (39 mMT), Brazil (37 mMT), Mexico (19 mMT), Argentina (14 mMT) and India (11 mMT). Among all cereals, maize occupies the fifth largest area, fourth largest in output and third largest in yield. Over the past two decades, global maize production has increased by nearly 50 percent, or 1.8 percent annual compound growth rate. 1.2 India Maize Production India is the tenth largest producer with a production of 11.10 mMT from an area of 6.6 million ha. The average yield in India is 1.77 MT/ha which is very low as against 7 MT/ha in temperate areas of developed economies and 3.8 MT/ha of global average. Maize is cultivated in almost all states in the country. Andhra Pradesh is the leading producer in India followed by Karnataka, Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat in the year 2009-10. The crop is grown both in Kharif and Rabi seasons in India with a share of 85 per cent and 15 per cent, respectively. Since the maize is rain dependent, it is mainly grown during kharif season. Maize Area, Production and Yield in India have seen a phenomenal growth over the last five decades and India has emerged from being a net importer to levels of self sufficiency. 1.3 Price Analyses of Maize for last five years If we examine the price trend of maize in Indian market, prices will be on their peak during the months of July-August. From August onwards prices start declining owing to start of kharif season. Price of maize mainly depends upon supply demand structure. One important thing that is visible from the trends is that from the last 3 years price fluctuations within a year is showing same trend. Government announces MSP (minimum support price) of maize every year and the prices are showing an upward trend. The continuous demand for maize in poultry industry and lesser predicted area in the kharif helped the prices to rule around higher side. 1.4 Utilization pattern of Maize in India The below figure depicts the utilization pattern of maize in India. A major portion (46.5%) is used as poultry feed, followed by 33% for human consumption and 11% animal feed. Only 9% is used in starch industry and 0.5% in brewery industry 1.5 Milling of Maize Wet milling produces Maize oil, Maize steep liquor, Maize gluten feed and Maize gluten meal. In contrast to wet milling, dry milling produces only carbon-dioxide and distillers dried grains soluble as by-products but has become the favoured approach for Maize ethanol production due to lower start-up costs. Maize kernels are degerminated by grinding or centrifugation to produce seed germ which produces Maize oil. The starch, gluten and fiber is left after degermination, from which gluten is used to extract Maize gluten meal which is a high-protein animal feed, starch undergoes liquification and saccharification followed by fermentation to form Maize gluten feed when combined with fibres. Fermentation also results in formation of ethanol. The most striking new development has been the rapid expansion in the ethanol industry which has also brought about a sudden increase in the supply of Distillers Grains (DG). Under the dry-milling process, when maize is fermented to alcohol, around one-third of the Dry Matter (DM) is recovered in co-products which, in turn, are further processed into a variety of feed ingredient products. The conversion from DM to DG involves starch fermentation which eventually produces two feed co-products: Maize Condensed Distillers Solubles (CDS) and Maize Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS), which are rich in essential nutrients such as protein, fat, minerals. Aside from Distillers Grains, which result from the dry milling process, there are several other maize co-products used in feed rations, mostly derived from the more traditional wet milling process. One ton of maize through wet milling produces 29 kg of Maize oil, 241 kg of 21% protein gluten feed, and 46 kg of 60% gluten meal. In addition to it, either one among starch (571 kg) or sweetener (589 kg) or ethanol (402 kg) can be produced. The most common ones are: Maize Gluten Meal: Dried high protein (almost 60 percent) feed source. It is a residue from maize after the removal of the larger part of the starch and germ, the separation of the bran by the process employed in the wet-milling manufacture of maize starch or syrup. It is commonly used by the poultry industry, farm animal feed in fish and pet food. It is also used in cattle feed. Maize Gluten Feed: Is that part of the commercial shelled maize that remains after the extraction of the larger portion of the starch, gluten, and germ by the processes employed in the wet milling manufacture of maize starch or syrup. It is used in complete feeds for dairy and beef cattle, poultry, swine and pet foods. Maize Seed Cake: With over 17 percent protein, it is considered ideal feed for breeding chickens, ducks, geese, pigs, fish, and other livestock. Maize Germ Meal: Typically contains more than 20 percent protein and 9.5 percent fiber. It has an amino acid balance that makes it valuable in poultry and swine rations. It is also used as a carrier of liquid feed nutrients. Liquid Feed Syrup: It is a highly concentrated feed syrup; high in protein and energy. This product is typically added to enhance an animal feed ration. 2. OUR BUSINESS MODEL Maize has multiple uses both for domestic as well as industrial purposes. The usage pattern as seen earlier in the report varies for human direct consumption to industrial chemical production mainly in the form of ethanol/alcohol. Since maize is a multi-seasonal crop i.e. it is harvested in both the season of rabi and kharif so we have the liberty of designing a business which has the capacity to consume maize throughout the year. When we worked out the financials for the main industries based on maize , we found out that out of ethanol, starch and poultry feed businesses the most profitable are poultry-feed from maize and ethanol from maize stover. So we would we making ethanol from stover and poultry feed from the maize, in this way we would be utilizing whole of the maize plant material and providing the farmers with a much better returns that what they are getting at present. Product Cost incurred(Rs. Per tonne) Revenues(Rs. Per tonne) Profit(Rs. Per tonne) Maize(whole) 9000 10500 1050 Poultry feed 9400 12000 2600 Starch 10000 12000 2000 In the initial phase we propose to use the maize stover (the left out part of the plant after the grains are removed) for the production of fuel grade ethanol which is procured by the government oil marketing companies under a contractual basis at pre-determined prices set by them. The maize grains are stored in silos which could be sold post-harvest season when the prices goes up by 20-30% ever year, which is evident from the price variation cycle shown above (fig 3). Presently we are using maize stover as raw material but straw of other crops like wheat, rice and millets having cellulose content can also be used as starting material in ethanol production. If we ever face shortage of maize stover in our plants capacity utilization then we can procure other raw materials from the same farmers. The location which we are planning to setup our plant is in the Dhaod district of Gujarat. This area has the highest maize production in the state along with the bordering areas of Madhya Pradesh. This is geographically near to the industrial areas of Vadodra and Ahmedabad, which are large consumers of starch and bio-fuel ethanol (As large oil refineries operate near Vadodra so we would not be having any problem in selling the ethanol in markets. And starch based industries are located in and around Ahmedabad which consumes starch in large quantities). The procurement of maize along with Stover would lead to an increase in the working capital requirement but that would be offset by the increased revenues from the sale of that maize. Also the solid matter that would be left out as an affluent during the fermentation process would be useful as feedstock material. The carbon dioxide produced will be sold as industrial CO2 which will make the whole process of ethanol processing a clean development process, with zero carbon emission. As depicted in the table 1 below, total cost/litre of ethanol is lowest from maize stover for equal amount of raw material consumed. Input Procurement (Rs/ton) Enzyme Cost (Rs/ton) Ethanol Yield (Litre/ton) Total Cost (Rs/Litre) Sugarcane 640 Negligible 72 9 Maize 8500 Negligible 450 11 Maize Stover 2000 700 300 7 3. ETHANOL FROM MAIZE STOVER 3.1 Customer value proposition: Our main customer is government that would be procuring ethanol from our plant. The customer value that we are creating is the availability of ethanol throughout the year for successfully implementing the E5, E10 and gradually E20 grade ethanol. The ample amount of availability would help in reducing the dependency on imported fuel that we are consuming right now. Also mixing of ethanol into diesel reduces emission from vehicles as it has higher per cent age of oxygen in it. There is a huge deficit of around 650m litres of ethanol for blending in diesel. The bio-fuel policy of India, states that by 2017 the country should fully implement the E20 standards for EBP. E20 means blending 20% ethanol in the diesel, but at present ethanol is not sufficient for even meeting the E5 standards. As the production of fuel ethanol comes under the category of bio-fuel as defined by the ministry of non-renewal energy, government of India, so we would be eligible for a 25% rebate on capital investmen t. 3.2 Demand and Supply of Ethanol : When will the oil run out? Various estimates put this anywhere from 20 years from now to less than a century in the future. The shortfall in energy might eventually be made up by developments in nuclear fission, fuel cells and renewable energy sources, but what can substitute for gasoline and diesel in the internal combustion engine powered vehicles that will continue to be built worldwide till then? Hence the bio-organic chemists have begun to crystallize, unlocking the vast chemical larder and workshop of natural microbes and plants to invent the technologies required for industrial-scale production of bio-ethanol . Maize accumulates starch that can, after hydrolysis to glucose, serve as the substrate for ethanol fermentation. Maize starch is a more expensive carbon substrate for bio-ethanol production, but if maize stover is used as starting material for ethanol production then it is economically more viable. The product has a potential rival in the form of bio-hydrogen which coul d provide the only workable solution to meeting global energy supplies and mitigating carbon-dioxide accumulation but it is still in a nascent stage. Globally, ethanol has been used as an automotive fuel since the early 1900. However, the usage of ethanol as fuel gained momentum only after the 1970s with the launch of the Pro-alcohol programme in Brazil. Until 1975, the year of the launch of the Pro-alcohol programme in Brazil, the ethanol market was predominantly beverages and industrial. Thereafter, the fuel ethanol market grew substantially and it accounted for 80 % of the world ethanol production in 2010. The global ethanol industry with 19,227 mn gallons of production during CY09 has grown substantially over the years due to the focus on bio-fuels. During the period of 1975-2009, the global production of ethanol grew at a Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 11.86%. The rising crude oil prices, coupled with the increasing quest for energy security and reducing green house gas emissions have fuelled the global ethanol industry. The United States of America and Brazil are the two major ethanol producers across the globe. These two countries together accounted for almost 89% of the total global ethanol production in 2009. The fermentation route using sugary or sugar-yielding material and yeast has been in practice in India since long for the production of alcohol or Ethanol. Most of the Ethanol produced (almost 95%) is through the fermentation route. Grains like rice, corn or maize, barley-malt, rye, wheat, sorghum etc., starchy bulbs and vegetables like cassava (tapioca) and potatoes are commonly used for producing ethanol under the fermentation route in India. In India, ethanol is mostly produced from molasses obtained during the process of crushing sugarcane. 3.3 Classification of ethanol: Ethanol can be classified on the basis of uses, production route and on the basis of composition: 1. On the basis of the uses, it can be classified as beverage ethanol, industrial ethanol and ethanol fuel: a. Beverage Ethanol: ethanol used in alcoholic spirits such as vodka and shochu. b. Industrial Ethanol: ethanol used as a feedstock for alcohol-based chemicals such as paints and inks. c. Ethanol fuel: ethanol used as an automotive fuel (can be used for blending with petrol). 2. On the basis of the production route ethanol can be classified as fermented ethanol and synthetic ethanol. 3. On the basis of the composition, ethanol can be classified as hydrous and anhydrous. (Hydrous ethanol contains about 5% of the water content whereas anhydrous ethanol contains 0.5% of the water content) Year Petrol demand Mt Ethanol blending requirement (in metric tons) Diesel demand Mt Biodiesel blending requirement (in metric tons) @5 % @10% @20 % @ 5% @10% @20% 2006-2007 10.07 0.50 1.01 2.01 52.32 2.62 5.23 10.46 2011-2012 12.85 0.64 1.29 2.57 66.91 3.35 6.69 13.38 2016-2017 16.40 0.82 1.64 3.28 83.58 4.18 8.36 16.72 3.4 Process description The maize stovers are generally harvested during the month of September October in kharif season maize and in March- April for Rabi season maize. The maize stovers can be kept in the open after the harvest as the requirement is round the year in the factory. But the use of concrete slabs over which the stovers are kept will be a good option to minimize the spoilage. Sometimes the polythene sheets can be used to prevent spoilage from rainfall. The requirement of the stovers is 1000 MT/day. 1. Washing of the stovers: The first process in the factory is the washing of the stovers to remove the dust, soil etc. The water is sprayed on the stack of stovers in high pressure and thus the soil and other solid particles are removed. 2. Pretreatment Hydrolysate conditioning: After washing of the stovers they are sent for pretreatment. By this process most of the hemicellulose parts of the stovers are converted into soluble sugars like xylose, mannose, arabinose, and galactose using dilute sulfuric acid at high temperature. After reaction there is formation of aldehydes which is over limed by adding lime, the pH raise to 10 and thus gypsum is formed which is filtered out and the hydrolyzate is mixed with the solid before sent to saccharification and co-fermentation. 3. Presteamer at low pressure: Before sending to the reactor the pretreated stovers are passed through the steam at low pressure to remove the non-condensable that can take up space in the reactor. The low pressure steam is passed by the valve for 20 minutes and then the stover is flash cooled and sent to the reactor. 4. Reactor: In the reactor first the stovers are steamed and then the acid is added to the reactor. Before adding the acid to the reactor the concentrated acid is diluted. 5. Saccharification and co-fermentation: These are two different processes: i. Saccharification In this process the cellulose is converted to glucose with cellulose enzyme. It is a collection of enzymes and comprises of endoglucanase, exoglucanase and beta-glucosidase. Trichoderma reesei is the bacterium which is used for the commercial production of enzyme cellulase. The whole process takes 24 hrs. ii. Co-fermentation The formed glucose and other sugar is fermented to form ethanol. The bacteria used in this step are Z. mobilis which acts as a biocatalyst and will ferment glucose and xylose in ethanol. This whole process takes 36hrs. 6. Distillation, dehydration, evaporation and solid liquid separation: Distillation is accomplished in two columns the first, called the beer column, removes the dissolved CO2 and most of the water, and the second concentrates the ethanol. Fermentation vents (containing mostly CO2, but also some ethanol) as well as the beer column vent are scrubbed in a water scrubber, recovering nearly all of the ethanol. The scrubber effluent is fed to the first distillation column along with the fermentation beer. The leftover liquid and the slurry are sent to the waste water treatment plant from where the water is recycled for further use. 3.5 Financials of ethanol production We have a total installed capacity of 90000 tonnes per annum, of which the capacity utilization in the initial years would go up from 50% to 90% in the subsequent years. The fixed cost is 50crores which is 39% of the total investment required. Raw material cost is 43% in the first year of the total investment. Warehousing cost and other variable costs including that of salaries and transportation, etc. amounts to 3% and 8% of the total cost respectively. The profit after tax in the first year of operations totals to around 24crore. The break-even point is achieved in the second year of operations Year % 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Installed Capacity (ton/year) 90000 90000 90000 90000 90000 Capacity utilisation 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Ethanol production(ton/year) 45000 54000 63000 72000 81000 Price(Rs/ton) 24000 24000 24000 24000 24000 Revenue( Rs in Crore) 108 129.6 151.2 172.8 194.4 ( Rs in Crore) Fixed Cost 39 50 Raw Material 43 55.5 66.6 77.7 88.8 99.9 Warehousing 3 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 Transportation 1 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.7 3.0 Direct Labor 2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 Admin Costs 1 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Energy Costs 2 2.3 2.7 3.2 3.6 4.1 Waste Disposal 1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 Other V.C 8 11.5 12.2 13.0 13.8 14.6 Total Cost 128.4 91.1 103.8 116.4 129.1 Benefit Cost -20.4 38.5 47.4 56.4 65.3 4. MAIZE STARCH PROCESSING: Maize is generally processed to manufacture Maize starch by wet milling method the world over. The by-products of starch manufacture, like Maize oil, Maize steep liquor, gluten etc. are the important value added products. The average processing capacity of the units in India is 200 MT of maize / day. There are plants with as high crushing capacity as 400 MT/day. However, there is no plant in the country with crushing capacity of less than 100 MT/ day. The selection of technology is very important as regards to the viability of the unit is concerned. Critical Factors in setting up a maize processing plant include Raw Material, Land, Water, Steam, Technology and an Effluent treatment plant. A plant of 100 MT of wet milling maize crushing capacity per day is considered as a minimum viable unit. A unit of this capacity will produce the following products. The plant will function in 3 shifts per day and 8 hour per shift. Keeping in view, the nature of activity the capacity utilization of 50%, 70% and 90%, during first, second and third year onwards can be achieved easily. The project cost for setting up of a 100 MT wet milling of maize per day has been assessed at Rs. 14.32crores (Refer to Annexure 4 for details.) 5. POULTRY FEED FACTORY The poultry feed plant of the capacity of 30000 tons/year. The total capital investment is about Rs.60lacs. In the first year the expected revenues are around 18crores, this is at the annual capacity utilization of 50%. The PAT is 2.63crore and the NPV of the project comes out to be 18.93crore at the discount rate of 15% per annum. (Refer to annexure 3 for details). 6. ECONOMIES OF SCALE, SCOPE AND INTEGRATION Economies of Scale: Producing Ethanol from Corn at low levels is not financially viable. We need to increase the production levels for a sustainable and a profitable business. Therefore the Economies of Scale have to be high but they are still comparatively less than other Manufacturing industries. It relies heavily on the cost of corn and other energy inputs. High Economies of scale helps us in reducing transportation as well as Marketing costs. Economies of Scope: Maize oil, Gluten Feed, Gluten meal, Starch and Ethanol can be produced through wet milling method. Ethanol is produced from corn stover. Starch can be used for producing various other products. Producing Ethanol from Corn at low levels is not financially viable. We need to increase the production levels for a sustainable and a profitable business. Therefore the Economies of Scale have to be high but they are still comparatively less than other Manufacturing industries. It relies heavily on the cost of corn and other energy inputs. High Economies of scale helps us in reducing transportation as well as Marketing costs. Economies of Integration: Forward integration involves processing of maize stover to produce ethanol. Wet milling of maize is done to produce starch. Maize can also be used to produce poultry feed. 7. RISKS INVOLVED: Supply Side Risks Price Impact on Input Cost: At this point, ethanol plants are dependent on a constant supply of maize for their survival in fuel production. This gives the supplier the ultimate industry power until we achieve alternative feasible sources. The elasticity of demand is inelastic in most cases, or at least until the price of corn rises to the point where ethanol plants would be very unprofitable in production. The price is given for the input and we don t have much choice in refusing because ethanol plants need to run at as close as possible to capacity in order to be most efficient. In this scenario, ethanol will be passed off at a higher price, but also the ethanol plants will eat some of the cost in order to stay competitive. Demand Side Risks Government Policy: Right now Government offers incentives to blenders who buy from Ethanol plants; in case there is any change in policy there could be a decrease in the demand of ethanol from blenders. Government currently does not allow companies to import ethanol from foreign market to meet their domestic requirements, in case there is any change in this policy there could be a decrease in demand of ethanol from various ethanol plants in our country. Competition: With increase in competition, the supply demand gap currently in the market will decrease, which will lead to less demand of ethanol from various plants. Competition exists in the form of ethanol produced from Jatropha and other plants. 8. PORTER S 5 FORCE ANALYSIS OF THE INDUSTRY 9. VALUE ADDITION Value can be added to the product by form, place and time. In our case we are producing ethanol from maize stovers. The different value additions in our project are- 1. By form We are processing maize Stover, which has very less economic value to the farmer and converting it into ethanol. The value is added by processing cheap maize Stover to ethanol, which has high price and demand. Thus by processing, the form is changed leading to value addition in the produce. We would be using the maize grains for production of poultry feed which is found out to be a viable option. 2. By place We are adding value to the Maize stover by taking it from the farms to the factory gate. The stover in farms does not fetch much value but once it reach to processing unit, it can be converted into ethanol, which is more valuable. We are also procuring maize grains from the farmers and selling it in the market, where, we can fetch comparatively more value. 3. By time We are procuring maize grains during the harvesting season when prices are normally low. The grains will be then stored for the period of four months and afterwards sold at higher prices. Thus storing the maize for some time will provide us comparatively more value. 10. SOCIAL IMPACT 1. By procuring Maize Stover from the farmers, which is otherwise has a low economical value to them, we are providing with the additional source of income to the farmers. The additional benefit to the farmers is expected to be around Rs.2000-2500 per acre . 2. The ethanol produced by us finds its use as the additive in petrol. The addition of ethanol will reduce the emission of green house gases proportionately, thus our product is eco-friendly. 11. SCOPE OF CO-OPERATIVE The back bone of our business model is the continuous supply of maize throughout the year. In order to attain maximum utilization capacity of the plant we need a high and undisruptive supply. The location where the plant would be set is surrounded by villages indulged in rain fed agriculture practices, and they are our raw material suppliers. These types of practices are risky for our business model, so in order to abate the risk Cooperative could be formed. This will help the farmers to reap benefits of the cooperatives. Cooperative will also ensure un-interruptive maize (also Stover of other plants) supply to our plant. This cooperative model would not be maize specific. Backward integration will be done if the results would be as per expectation in the starting years.

Lewis Carrolls Alice in Wonderland :: Alice in Wonderland

Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland Chapter I - Down the Rabbit-Hole Image: Lewis Carroll Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank, and of having nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in it, `and what is the use of a book,' thought Alice `without pictures or conversation?' Image: Bessie Pease Gutmann, 1907 So she was considering in her own mind (as well as she could, for the hot day made her feel very sleepy and stupid), whether the pleasure of making a daisy-chain would be worth the trouble of getting up and picking the daisies, when suddenly a White Rabbit with pink eyes ran close by her. There was nothing so VERY remarkable in that; nor did Alice think it so VERY much out of the way to hear the Rabbit say to itself, `Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!' ..(when she thought it over afterwards, it occurred to her that she ought to have wondered at this, but at the time it all seemed quite natural). But when the Rabbit actually TOOK A WATCH OUT OF ITS WAISTCOAT- POCKET, and looked at it, and then hurried on, Alice started to her feet, for it flashed across her mind that she had never before see a rabbit with either a waistcoat-pocket, or a watch to take out of it, and burning with curiosity, she ran across the field after it, and fortunately was just in time to see it pop down a large rabbit-hole under the hedge. Image:Illustrator ? In another moment down went Alice after it, never once considering how in the world she was to get out again. Image: Sir John Tenniel - 1865 1890 Nursery Version The rabbit-hole went straight on like a tunnel for some way, and then dipped suddenly down, so suddenly that Alice had not a moment to think about stopping herself before she found herself falling down a very deep well. Either the well was very deep, or she fell very slowly, for she had plenty of time as she went down to look about her and to wonder what was going to happen next. (c) Image: Dis ney, Appears Courtesy of American Royal Arts . First, she tried to look down and make out what she was coming to, but it was too dark to see anything; then she looked at the sides of the well, and noticed that they were filled with cupboards and book-shelves; here and there she saw maps and pictures hung upon pegs.

Eulogy for Father :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Father On behalf of my entire family, I want to thank all of you for your compassion and for being present here today. For those of you who don't know me, my name is Mauri-Lynne, and I'm Lionel's daughter. Dad was devoted to every one of you. We all hope that you'll share your memories of him with us, if not today then in the weeks and months to come. My father was committed to the practice and preservation of Jewish life. His religious beliefs informed everything he did. Particularly fond of traditional music, he and I spent many hours listening to the treasured recordings he'd collected over the years. We spoke regularly about our spiritual and communal responsibility as Jews, particularly our responsibilities to G-d. Jewish mystics explain that before manifest creation, everything that ever would be was contained within the Creator as pure potentiality. This field without end created vessels through which its divine energy could pass and differentiate, each representing a specific attribute, such as wisdom, compassion, kindness and strength. The energy being transmitted was so powerful that the vessels shattered. It is said that some of these shattered pieces of divine energy fell to earth as sparks where they have remained all these eons. He and I believe that one of our primary responsibilities to G-d is to repair the world. In Hebrew, we call this process tikkun olam. We accomplish this by performing prescribed mitzvot or good works. We believe that every mitzvah or honorable act, raises those divine sparks. Traditional teachings state that when the repair is complete, we usher in the Messianic Age. Of the many mitzvot, performing acts of loving-kindness, or chesed, is considered one of the most important. No one understood this religious obligation more clearly than my father; it was one of his primary life directives. Each of you is here today because you've experienced my father's kindness, concern and generosity in some way. Several months ago, when I couldn't sleep, I turned on late-night TV and watched the songwriter/singer, Billy Joel, entertaining a college audience. Someone asked about a particular song, and he answered it was written in response to a question his young daughter had asked about death. She wanted to know where people went when they died. He answered that they go into the hearts of the people who loved them. Just look into the eyes of the people sitting all around you.

Era of Good Feelings

Historians have traditionally labeled the period after the War of 1812 the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings. † Evaluate the accuracy of this label, considering the emergence of nationalism and sectionalism. The period of time labeled as the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings,† was a prosperous, but shortened period for America in which political strife had come to a halt and disputes had settled. The high morale after the war caused this era to be granted such a name. With James Monroe in presidency, and the country in peace, the issues of nationalism and sectionalism had been put on hold.Only for a short period of time would these issues diminish, and America would bounce back to its normal imbalances. James Monroe had a large impact on the length of time that this era had been sustained, although the tranquility could not be held forever. Evaluate the effectiveness of the Progressive Era reformers and the federal government in bringing about reform at a national level. In your answ er be sure to analyze the successes and limitations of these efforts in the period 1900 – 1920. The Progressive Era reformers and the federal government had a great impact on reform at the national level.Through Progressivism movements and the determination of these leaders, America would not be as technologically, socially, and politically advanced as we are today. The support that these reformers were given from the people had been a key factor in the success of their trials and tribulations. These people are the main reasons for which America has prospered. In bringing progressivism to a national level, they had succeeded. If they had not, would our world be what it is today? Analyze the responses of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration to the problems of the Great Depression.How effective were these responses? How did they change the role of the federal government? The responses of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration to the problems of the Great Depress ion had been prompt and well thought out upon the occasion. These responses had effectively brought America back into a prosperous country. He was able to restore the country and change society for the sexes and the races. His involvement in the Great Depression, made F. D. R. prepared and focused to drive America in the right direction.

Mid-term Exam Essay

What were some of the changes that took place in Europe between the years 1000 and 1492, and why did those changes lead to European exploration and overseas expansion? From Leif Eriksson being the first European to sail to North America to Marco Polo making his first trip to china were the few things that were going on in the European discovery. During the 1100 the crusades joined the holy war to regain capture of Palestine which was taken away by the Muslims. As the crusades war was going on, the Europeans introduced new and exotic goods to such as spices, silk and jewels. This opened up a whole new opportunity for the Europeans as the demands and the trade grew, Ships were departing from towns in Italy and Asia. Christopher Columbus discovered North American in 1492. Columbus sailed east from Europe trying to find a route to the east. He failed to sail east because of the landmass that was in his way. Columbus believe he sailed to India because of the landmass and called the land the â€Å"West Indies† and the people he found there as â€Å"Indians†. This led to the exploration and overseas expansion to North America from Europe. The expansion grew as the growth of expanding trade grew out of Europe. The discovery of the New World took a rise as the transfer of plants, animal’s food demanded the human population to expand. All these things that took place from 1000-1492 changed Europe forever. The demands in trade gave Europeans the opportunity for new forms of employment and ability to travel out of Europe for work. What were the major problems facing American leaders during the 1780s? What were the main weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? How did those weaknesses prevent the new government from dealing with the new nation’s major problems? How did the Constitution of 1787 alter the structure and operation of the national government to more effectively deal with those problems? This period was called the â€Å"Critical Periods†, it was a time right after the American Revolution war that took place in 1783. George Washington became the president of this time in 1789. After the war the economic problems just grew. The British navy destroyed most of the American ships  and also taking over there flow of trade. The farmers suffered tremendously due to the army steeling from their farms in order to eat. Once the war was over in 1781 the exports to Brittan was restricted, British created a law that prohibited trade with the remaining sugar colonies that were in the Caribbean. The articles of confederation was a document signed by all 13 original colonies that put together the United States of America. The confederation left most of the power to the state governments. The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation was that the states could not be forced by the government to obey its laws. Also it did not have the power to enforce any type of laws. The congress lacked the strong leadership and there was no system of national courts. In order for a change to be made to the articles 9 out of the 13 states had to approve the law before it could be passed on with no army to protect the nation. Compare and contrast the northern, middle, and southern colonies by 1760. What experiences were unifying the colonies? How were the British colonies different from Spain’s colonies? All three colonies had major differences in there economic activity and their culture. The resentment of the British held them together as they were suffering hard times as Brittan kept on restraining trade, shipping and manufacturing. The Northern Colonies was largely religious. Even though religion was practiced more in the Southern Colonies, a lot of people from the north were still very religious. Instead, there main focus was never on gaining wealth. The South was mostly agricultural and a big part of the workers were African American slaves. Tabaco was the main export of the Southern economy. In the Northern Colonies farming was usually just done to provide just for the family. The economy of New England, Northern, and colonies was based on the rivers and forests for the most part and the sou thern colonies were more focused on farming. There are only a couple of similarities and differences in the colonies. People beginning a new life for themselves was a similarity both regions had. These regions were founded for many different reason including political freedom, religion, conquest and economy. The British colonies were recruited from farmers, artisans and tradesmen. Immigrants from other countries were welcomed. In the Spanish colonies it contained more soldiers, conquistadores and mission Aries were the primary source of people. The farmers and traders  come at a later date. The government for the English colonies allowed colonist to set up local governments and representative assemblies and to make sure to tax themselves as long as they did not take up arms against the crown. In the Spanish colonies they were governed by the crown appointed governors. The settlers had to obey the laws the king set since the settlers could make laws on their own. The religion for the English was mostly non-Catholics. The puritans in Massachusetts established an autocratic and restrictive religious leadership. For the Spanish colonies the settlers were restricted to Catholics. The people that protested were persecuted and driven out. The economy on the British colony was rice, tobacco, t imber and fish. The economic activities were farming, trading and also fishing. In the Spaniard colonies it was a more largely trading economy. It was controlled by the Spaniards and the board of trade. What major challenges did Americans face during the War for Independence, and how did they overcome those challenges and defeat Great Britain? The British always seemed unbeatable. During the previous 100 years, the British had enjoyed victory after victory from countries that were powerful like Spain and France. The odds never looked good for the Americans on this war. Brittan had the best military in the world, their soldiers were well fed, paid good money and also well disciplined. The British military was also very well equipped unlike the American. Funds were so much easily raised by the empire then by the continental congress. A lot of those funds were used to hire Hessian Mercenaries to fight of the Americans. The Americans always had a difficult time being able to raise enough funds to purchase the basic supplies for the troops like shoes and blankets. The British always had a winning tradition, most Indians sided with Brittan who promised them protection over their land. The downfall for the Brittan was that they were fighting a war that was far from home. Their supplies that they needed sometimes took months to reach their destination. The British objective for this war to persuade the American to give up their claims for independence. Americans were fighting for their rights, independence and liberty. The soldiers and the leaders were unexperienced but always seemed competent. This war was very expensive, this war gave Americans courage which gave Americans a favor. Describe and explain the roles played by loyalists, African Americans, women, and American Indians during the Revolutionary War. How did the outcome of the war affect them? The principle is this was freedom which motivated the black slaves to join the Patriot or the British army. Approxitmaly 5 percent of the American soldiers in the battle of Bunker Hill were black. They received the same pas as whites although they never held a high rank. The blacks in the war served in integrated units. An estimated 100, 00 African Americans died or were killed during the war. They thought the concept of using slaves in the army would mean that the economy would collapse without slavery. Women in the revolutionary war took many different roles. They were nurses, cooks and maids and sometimes even secret soldiers and spies. Many of the women nurses were camp followers, wives, daughters and even mothers of the soldiers. The most common role the women played were cooks, maids, laundresses and water b earers for the army. This was the first time women took a role in the war since these duties were reserved for male soldiers. Women were not allowed to serve in the military but they still served as secret soldiers. They would disguise themselves by cutting their hair and using masculine names to blend in. A lot of the motivation for joining the army is unknown but most of these women were poor and needed to earn money for their families. They also worked as spies, most of the female spies worked as maids or cooks for the British and had a lot of insight about the movements, military plans and supply shortages and the deliveries. The loyalist supported the British. They were mostly older, educated and wealthier than most Americans. The life for the loyalist was difficult during the war. Loyalist who lived in the area that was being controlled by the patriots lost their businesses and homes. After the war was over a lot of them lost their fortunes and their land. The British government paid them for their loyalty, but it was not nearly as much as they had lost. Many of the Indians had to choose between the loyalist and patriots or somehow try to maintain a neutral stance. They had issues trying t o hold their homelands as well as try to maintain access to trade supplies as war was in there lands too. On September 4, 1783 the peace treaty of Paris was signed. Sources: â€Å"An Encyclopedia of American Women at War: From the Home Front to the Battlefields†; Lisa Tendrich Frank; 2013 â€Å"Women Soldiers, Spies, and Patriots of the American Revolution†; Martha Kneib; 2004 â€Å"The Revolutionary War†; Charles Patrick Neimeyer; 2007 National Women’s History Museum: The American Revolution: http://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/spies/2.htm Army.Mil: Early History of Women in the U.S. Army: http://www.army.mil/women/history.html United States Army: Early Women Soldiers: http://www.army.mil/women/history.html History.org: Women’s Service in the Revolutionary Army: http://www.history.org/history/teaching/enewsletter/volume7/nov08/women_revarmy.cfm

Unemployment Satire

Unemployment rates are skyrocketing. According to the Internet, 12% of the U. S. population is unemployed. Unemployment not only effects the lives of the unemployed, but their families and communities too. The stress of unemployment can lead to declines in individual and family well-being and could potentially effect the outcomes of their children. Widespread unemployment in neighborhoods reduces resources, which may result in inadequate and low-quality housing, and underfunded schools. The question Americans everywhere are wondering: Whose to blame for all this long term employment?The people or the government? The fault is not that of the government, it is that of the people. The blame for long term employment should fall on the shoulders of those suffering from Lazy Syndrome. However, people suffering from Lazy Syndrome cannot help their chronic laziness and unwillingness to get a job. Many are unaware they even suffer from this disease until it is too late. The major symptoms of this disease are: not wanting to leave the couch, feeling inclined to put off work, and wishing to stay home and do nothing.Because of these symptoms, acquiring a job seems like too much effort and is often put off. Many high-paying jobs will refuse to hire them if they suffer from this disease. One study shows that people suffering from Lazy Syndrome have a whopping 50% chance of being unemployed. Even if they can acquire a job, studies show that men and women with this disease earn 15-20% less than those who are not infected. Seymour Butts, a professor of justice at the University of Colorado, is starting a law firm called LazyCase to protest against lazy discrimination.The Discrimination Act of 1966 provides legal protections for gender equality, race equality, pregnant women equality, and so much more! With a short extension of this act, people suffering from chronic laziness could make a living despite their disease limitations. Mr. Butts and his extremely intelligent colleague Wee Tard have already made legal protections in counties in Alaska, Alabama, and Arkansas. One customer, Ben Dover, happily stated â€Å"Going to LazyCase was the best decision of my life.LazyCase helped me get a high paying government job where I can continue to do nothing but still get payed! †. I will now humbly propose my own thoughts on the solution to unemployment as well as the solution to the discrimination against those suffering from Lazy Syndrome. I suggest that every unemployed person gets evaluated at the local doctor’s office in order to determine whether or not they are suffering from Lazy Syndrome. If that is the case (which it most likely will be), I suggest you confide in LazyCase.For first, stopping discrimination against the lazy not only benefits the lives of those suffering from chronic laziness, but it benefits the entire system of America. LazyCase provides the most radical and effective solution to unemployment. Because a significant amount of people with the lazy disability are unemployed, if given more rights and protections for getting jobs, unemployment rates would drop 70% according to prediction expert Harry Azzol. Secondly, LazyCase would improve the lives of the unemployed.Individuals who do not face unemployment report better mental health and more life satisfaction than those who experience unemployment and are under a lot of financial stress. Therefore, the world would be filled with much happier people, making it a much better place. Thirdly, LazyCase is extremely affordable (which is necessary because the unemployed are not loaded with cash). For the all time low price of five payments of 99. 89 dollars, Seymour Butts and his employees will personally take a stand at court and get their customer the money (and job) they deserve.The question everyone is wondering: How? Well, Seymour Butts and Wee Tard have come up with an evolutionary scheme to win at court. New tactics such as being extremely beautiful or us ing large words to validate your story have produced great results. These tactics are guaranteed to work EVERY TIME, 60 percent of the time! Lastly, LazyCase would solve the problems the unemployed cause for communities. Inadequate and low-quality housing and underfunded schools would no longer be an issue because the unemployed would now have a job to finance these funds.Studies show that unemployed persons also report less neighborhood belonging than their employed counterparts, which would reduce neighborhood safety and community well-being. With the lazy being provided with jobs, they will likely be too distracted to disrupt the community. LazyCase is a nonprofit organization with the sole purpose of helping the people. None of the employees at LazyCase suffer from Lazy Syndrome so these protections aren’t benefitting the company, they are benefitting your fellow Americans. Unemployment Satire Unemployment rates are skyrocketing. According to the Internet, 12% of the U. S. population is unemployed. Unemployment not only effects the lives of the unemployed, but their families and communities too. The stress of unemployment can lead to declines in individual and family well-being and could potentially effect the outcomes of their children. Widespread unemployment in neighborhoods reduces resources, which may result in inadequate and low-quality housing, and underfunded schools. The question Americans everywhere are wondering: Whose to blame for all this long term employment?The people or the government? The fault is not that of the government, it is that of the people. The blame for long term employment should fall on the shoulders of those suffering from Lazy Syndrome. However, people suffering from Lazy Syndrome cannot help their chronic laziness and unwillingness to get a job. Many are unaware they even suffer from this disease until it is too late. The major symptoms of this disease are: not wanting to leave the couch, feeling inclined to put off work, and wishing to stay home and do nothing.Because of these symptoms, acquiring a job seems like too much effort and is often put off. Many high-paying jobs will refuse to hire them if they suffer from this disease. One study shows that people suffering from Lazy Syndrome have a whopping 50% chance of being unemployed. Even if they can acquire a job, studies show that men and women with this disease earn 15-20% less than those who are not infected. Seymour Butts, a professor of justice at the University of Colorado, is starting a law firm called LazyCase to protest against lazy discrimination.The Discrimination Act of 1966 provides legal protections for gender equality, race equality, pregnant women equality, and so much more! With a short extension of this act, people suffering from chronic laziness could make a living despite their disease limitations. Mr. Butts and his extremely intelligent colleague Wee Tard have already made legal protections in counties in Alaska, Alabama, and Arkansas. One customer, Ben Dover, happily stated â€Å"Going to LazyCase was the best decision of my life.LazyCase helped me get a high paying government job where I can continue to do nothing but still get payed! †. I will now humbly propose my own thoughts on the solution to unemployment as well as the solution to the discrimination against those suffering from Lazy Syndrome. I suggest that every unemployed person gets evaluated at the local doctor’s office in order to determine whether or not they are suffering from Lazy Syndrome. If that is the case (which it most likely will be), I suggest you confide in LazyCase.For first, stopping discrimination against the lazy not only benefits the lives of those suffering from chronic laziness, but it benefits the entire system of America. LazyCase provides the most radical and effective solution to unemployment. Because a significant amount of people with the lazy disability are unemployed, if given more rights and protections for getting jobs, unemployment rates would drop 70% according to prediction expert Harry Azzol. Secondly, LazyCase would improve the lives of the unemployed.Individuals who do not face unemployment report better mental health and more life satisfaction than those who experience unemployment and are under a lot of financial stress. Therefore, the world would be filled with much happier people, making it a much better place. Thirdly, LazyCase is extremely affordable (which is necessary because the unemployed are not loaded with cash). For the all time low price of five payments of 99. 89 dollars, Seymour Butts and his employees will personally take a stand at court and get their customer the money (and job) they deserve.The question everyone is wondering: How? Well, Seymour Butts and Wee Tard have come up with an evolutionary scheme to win at court. New tactics such as being extremely beautiful or us ing large words to validate your story have produced great results. These tactics are guaranteed to work EVERY TIME, 60 percent of the time! Lastly, LazyCase would solve the problems the unemployed cause for communities. Inadequate and low-quality housing and underfunded schools would no longer be an issue because the unemployed would now have a job to finance these funds.Studies show that unemployed persons also report less neighborhood belonging than their employed counterparts, which would reduce neighborhood safety and community well-being. With the lazy being provided with jobs, they will likely be too distracted to disrupt the community. LazyCase is a nonprofit organization with the sole purpose of helping the people. None of the employees at LazyCase suffer from Lazy Syndrome so these protections aren’t benefitting the company, they are benefitting your fellow Americans.

Hurricane Sandy

A hurricane renounced as â€Å"sandy/' tore through the east coast on October twenty-ninth causing widespread damage to the east coast of the United States and Canada. In turn leaving 6. 2 million people without power. A natural catastrophe that had the greatest impact on the lifestyle of the people affected by the hurricane. The physical damage done varies between states.In some cities flooding was the main issue and other cities like New Hampshire power outages caused mayhem on a major scale. Mostly everybody ended up at one point or another without electricity and in today's society people revolve around electricity. It powers our houses, buildings, communications, etc. The relief of people was unimaginable as the lights came back on and heat was respelled. Transit systems were also a major factor in big cities like New York as trees fell on the tracks and repairs are inevitable.Repairs are also not free. Which leads to the point where millions of dollars were needed to rebuild a nd remake all that was lost. Especially in places like New Jersey where the hurricane hit the hardest. After a disaster like hurricane Sandy struck people ally struggled to get back on their feet because many of them were unemployed after the hurricane due to corporate offices being torn down by the sheer force of Mother Nature. Tax payers cannot possibly be happy about this occurrence across the east coast of not just U.S. A but Canada also. Finally, the people who experienced this first hand were forced to cope with the changes hurricane Sandy threw at them. Families were torn apart in all the chaos as loved ones succumbed to death. Each one raising the death toile to at least 40 people. Lucky ones had to wait in multi-mile long lines just to et gas for their necessities. When the flood hit (which happened in many states) people were forced to escape their houses and be rescued on the roof of their submerged house.Post-disaster teams were dispatched to clean up the debris that hur ricane Sandy left behind. Tragedy struck families making this hurricane a superstore. Because of the physical, social, and economic impact on the lives of easterners during this time of chaos, hurricane Sandy had the greatest impact on the lifestyles of people in the eye of the hurricane. By Chris Henley If you want to refill a cup you have to empty it first. Hurricane Sandy A hurricane renounced as â€Å"sandy/' tore through the east coast on October twenty-ninth causing widespread damage to the east coast of the United States and Canada. In turn leaving 6. 2 million people without power. A natural catastrophe that had the greatest impact on the lifestyle of the people affected by the hurricane. The physical damage done varies between states.In some cities flooding was the main issue and other cities like New Hampshire power outages caused mayhem on a major scale. Mostly everybody ended up at one point or another without electricity and in today's society people revolve around electricity. It powers our houses, buildings, communications, etc. The relief of people was unimaginable as the lights came back on and heat was respelled. Transit systems were also a major factor in big cities like New York as trees fell on the tracks and repairs are inevitable.Repairs are also not free. Which leads to the point where millions of dollars were needed to rebuild a nd remake all that was lost. Especially in places like New Jersey where the hurricane hit the hardest. After a disaster like hurricane Sandy struck people ally struggled to get back on their feet because many of them were unemployed after the hurricane due to corporate offices being torn down by the sheer force of Mother Nature. Tax payers cannot possibly be happy about this occurrence across the east coast of not just U.S. A but Canada also. Finally, the people who experienced this first hand were forced to cope with the changes hurricane Sandy threw at them. Families were torn apart in all the chaos as loved ones succumbed to death. Each one raising the death toile to at least 40 people. Lucky ones had to wait in multi-mile long lines just to et gas for their necessities. When the flood hit (which happened in many states) people were forced to escape their houses and be rescued on the roof of their submerged house.Post-disaster teams were dispatched to clean up the debris that hur ricane Sandy left behind. Tragedy struck families making this hurricane a superstore. Because of the physical, social, and economic impact on the lives of easterners during this time of chaos, hurricane Sandy had the greatest impact on the lifestyles of people in the eye of the hurricane. By Chris Henley If you want to refill a cup you have to empty it first.

Advanced Information Security

Viewing Web pages: For the web pages, the imposter could appeal off a phishing attack, tricking users into thinking that they were accessing their bank's Web site, and hence pull off a man-in-the-middle attack and gather login credentials. Moreover, they are accessing some personal data or putting some personal data on some website and hence pull off a man in the middle attack and collect all the personal details of this user. Why, in practice, are server certificates rarely signed: It appears to be too much trouble to distribute the public keys securely for the certificate authorities in advance and store them in the .ssh/authorized_keys directory of the client machines. The user wants to be sure that he or she has logged in to the machine that she is trying to log in to, especially if the authentication method is to send a password.   Otherwise, an attacker could act as a man-in-the-middle. Rule conflicts is a problem in a firewall rule set. Some rules are created for rejecting all the packets from a particular destination. On the other hand, some rules are established to accept all the packets from a particular destination. If reject and accept destination are same then rule conflicts will be Occur. In this case, some rule conflicts are present which is given bellow: Above table shows that rule 2 allow all the packets from the destination IP address and destination port. Rule 3 indicates that all the packets are rejected from a particular destination where the destination of rule 2 and 3 is same. Therefore, a rule conflict occurs. In this case rule, 13 allow all the packets those are using any protocol. But in rule 14 and 15 shows that the packets are rejected those are using TCP and UDP protocol. Therefore, a rule conflict occurs. The FIRST match policy put on the first rule which match the packet. The BEST match policy put on the rule which is more accurate regarding the network. The LAST match policy put on the rule that is first. Mainly it is bottom to top. Proxy Firewall is one type of network security system which protects a network by filtering the packets. This firewall is used in an application layer. The proxy firewall allows all the network traffic by checking their validity. Proxy firewall is placed in the network gateway.   All incoming packets are checked in the proxy server. If the packets are authorized then, proxy firewall grants the access. If not then proxy firewall destroy this packet.   The transparent firewall acts as a gateway of a network. Mainly it is a routed hop. It is also called layer 2 firewalls which perform as a "bump in the wire" or a "stealth firewall." A transparent firewall has commonly used the firewall. The proxy filter firewall is extremely secure than the transparent firewall. The main difference between the transparent firewall and proxy firewall is proxy firewall use a proxy server in the system, but the transparent firewall is used routed hop firewall. NAT stand for Network Address Translation. NAT is applied in a single device as a network gateway. For an example router. A net enables router connect with the internet and hide the entire private from the public network. In NAT system, it is not necessary to recognize all the internal devices. All the generated request by workstation are sent via the router. NAT help the router to transfer this packets in the internet t destination. The NAT convert the source address of all packets and place its IP address. If security is to provide in to the NAT, the network will be more secure for the attackers. Mainly NAT create a firewall for the security purpose. All servers that are presented to people in the general system (web), including web servers and DNS servers ought to be set in the DMZ. The DMZ is a different subnet situated outside of the association's system, but at the same time secured by a firewall. Movement starting from the organization's system is permitted into the DMZ, however, activity from the DMZ is not allowed into the association's system. This is imperative since ought to a server get to be bargained, and an aggressor cannot access the organization's inside system. Braun, J., Volk, F., Classen, J., Buchmann, J. and Mà ¼hlhà ¤user, M., 2014. CA trust management for the Web PKI. Journal of Computer Security, 22(6), pp.913-959. Bray, R.F., Grzelak, C.P. and Keirstead, J.D., International Business Machines Corporation, 2015. Firewall event reduction for rule use counting. U.S. Patent 9,043,461. Carthern, C., Wilson, W., Bedwell, R. and Rivera, N., 2015. Network Address Translation and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. In Cisco Networks (pp. 255-272). Apress. Francis, P., 2015. Network Address Translation (NAT). ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 45(2), pp.50-50. Ghai, S. and Verma, A., 2015. Network Security Using Divergent Firewall Technologies. IITM Journal of Information Technology, 1, p.29. Kachare, M.S.S. and Deshmukh, P., 2015. Firewall Policy Anomaly Management with Optimizing Rule Order. International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM), 4(2), pp.201-205. Mao, H., Zhu, L. and Li, M., 2012, September. Current State and Future Development Trend of Firewall Technology. In Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM), 2012 8th International Conference on (pp. 1-4). IEEE. Vratonjic, N., Freudiger, J., Bindschaedler, V. and Hubaux, J.P., 2013. The inconvenient truth about web certificates. In Economics of information security and privacy iii (pp. 79-117). Springer New York.