Generic Strategy – Porter

THEME 8 GENERIC STRATEGIES 1. Introduction. 2. The Porters approach competitive strategies ( price advantage, differentiation advantage and specialization). 3. The Ansoffs approach the Growth Matrix (market penetration, harvesting development, market development, and diversification). 4. An integrating approach. Alfonso VARGAS SANCHEZ 1 Hope is not a system, specially when internationalizing the company is the lookion 2 Strategic Analysis Compulsory Questions What business is the ecesis in? manufacturing/retail, etc. Who do they compete with, and how do they compete? Who atomic number 18 the organisations stakeholders?Key stakeholders & their influence. What be the external drivers for change? fella model, macro instruction environment. Five Forces model, micro/industry environment. How does the organisation gain place? Resource audit, tangible & intangible. Value Chain and Value System analysis. Assess the balance in the corporate portfolio, BCG matrix. How should I co mpete? Porters generic strategies low cost, differentiation, specialization. What are my strategic lamments? Mergers/Acquisitions, etc. 3 Mission Vision Values PEST analysis Competitive Forces P. C. Industry Attractiveness S C. C. S. P. B (threats & opportunities)Value Chain activities & linkages F. I. T. D. HH. RR. PR. Value System (linkages) other SBUs (synergies) & suppliers buyers value chains schema formulation, at common chord levels CBF Companys Competitive come out (Resourceestablish View) cost advantage or uniqueness (strengths & weaknesses) I. L. OP. O. L. M&S A-S. S. STRATEGY ELEMENTS LEVELS furrow SCOPE RESOURCES & CAPABILITIES COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES SYNERGIES CORPORATE (1) (1) (1) BUSINESS (2) (2) (2) FUNCTION (3) (3) 5 STRATEGIC ADVANTAGE PORTERS come Exclusivity perceived by the customer Position of low be COMPETITIVE SITUATIONBroad (the whole DIFFERENTIATION sector) Reduced (only one segment) COSTS LEADERSHIP FOCUS or NARROW SEGMENTATION 6 THE minor COST PH ENOMENON Two basic ways -Productivity. -Economies of scale & learning/experience. 7 8 9 COSTS LEADERSHIP RESOURCES AND APTITUDES -Sustained investment of capital and favourable oerture to financial markets. ORGANISATIONAL REQUIREMENTS -Strict control of costs. -Detailed and frequent control reports. RISKS OR LIMITATIONS -Technological change that dealcels out the experience gained or investment made. -Competitors who learn easily and rapidly. -Stagnation of the product or of the trade. ostentatiousness of costs that annuls the previous price differential. -Clearly defined organisation -Special aptitudes for and responsibilities. process engineering. -Incentives based on meeting -Close supervision of quantitative objectives. work and operations. -Products designed for ease of manufacturing. -Low cost of distribution. 10 construe Designers on quest to build $12 computer 11 DIFFERENTIATION RESOURCES AND APTITUDES ORGANISATIONAL REQUIREMENTS RISKS OR LIMITATIONS -Significant aptitu des -Coordination between the functions of R&D, product in marketing and in product engineering. development and marketing. Strong investment -Qualitative assessments in R&D. and incentives. -Prestige in quality -Capacity for and technology. understanding the market -Full cooperation of and how it changes. the distribution -Appropriate channels. organisational structure for -Long tradition in the stimulating and rewarding sector, or a unique creativity. combination of aptitudes obtained in other business activities. -Competitive levels of product prices, in accordance with a strategy of minimal global cost. -The customers no longer value the products factors of differentiation. -As the industry matures, imitation reduces the perceived ifferentiation. 12 Mention some brands for which you are willing to pay a bonus price 13 SPECIALISATION RESOURCES AND APTITUDES -Resources and aptitudes of special application and interest in the companys area of operation. -Dominance of the relevant technology and of the engineering of the product. -Marketing capacity. -Ability in the use of limited resources. -Other competitors are specialized in part of the market of the already specialized company. ORGANISATIONAL REQUIREMENTS -Flexible and efficient organisation structure. -Corporate culture relevant and specific to its areas of specialisation (products and markets).RISKS OR LIMITATIONS -The differences in costs compared with nonspecialized companies are so wide that the advantages of specialisation are eliminated. -Close coordination between -The market in which the functions. company is specialized reduces its differences -Rapid response to changes with respect to the global market. in the environment. 14 15 16 A niche strategy within a declining industry Reading Cassettes linger long after expected demise 17 Segmentation variables Varieties of products. Types of purchaser. Distribution channels. Geographic areas. Example olive oil market. 18Segmentation matrix (1) TYPE O F PURCHASER VARIETIES OF PRODUCTS (QUALITY) Olive Oil perfect(a) Olive Oil unembellished arrant(a) Olive Oil Final customer (bottled product) Restaurants, etc. (bulk product) 19 Segmentation matrix (2) TYPE OF DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL VARIETIES OF PRODUCTS (QUALITY) Olive Oil saturated Olive Oil Extra Virgin Olive Oil Generic Specific 20 Combining segmentation matrixes (1+2) TYPE OF DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL VARIETIES OF PRODUCTS (QUALITY) Virgin Olive Oil for final customers (bottled product) Extra Virgin Olive Oil for final customers (bottled prod. ) Generic Specific 21 Segmentation matrix (3)GEOGRAPHIC AREA VARIETIES OF PRODUCTS (QUALITY) Virgin Olive Oil for final customers using a generic distribution channel Extra Virgin Olive Oil for final customers using a specific distribution channel National Market (a) International Market (c) (b) (d) 22 The choice of a segment/s ATTRACTIVENESS within the aforesaid(prenominal) industry there are segments with different levels of attracter. I NTERRELATIONSHIPS choose the most beneficial combination of segments. SUSTAINABILITY your business scope should lead to a strong (defensible) position. (1) Structural attractiveness (competitive forces). (2) Size and growth. 3) Position of the company. (4) Advantages in costs or in differentiation. (5) Costs of coordination, of commitment and of inflexibility. Against (6) Competitors with broader objectives. (7) Imitation. (8) Substitution. 23 Example olive oil market SEGMENTS / CRITERIA ATTRACTIVENESS INTERRELATIONS SUSTAINABILITY (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (a) (b) (c) (d) 24 Criticisms of Porters framework Hybrid strategies could be employed without stuck in the middle. Cost leadership alone does not sell products. Differentiation strategies can be used to increase sales volumes rather than to charge a premium price.Price can sometimes be used to differentiate. A generic strategy can not give a competitive advantage. Arguably, the resource based strategy has superseded this g eneric strategy framework. 25 A company must(prenominal) spend a penny at low cost, while also innovating it must deploy the massed resources of a large corporation, while showing the entrepreneurial flair of a small start-up it must carry out high levels of reliability and consistency, while also being flexible (Grant, 2012). 26 OPTIONS FOR GROWTH ANSOFFS APPROACH CURRENT PRODUCTS NEW PRODUCTS ANSOFFS APPROACH CURRENT PRODUCTS NEW PRODUCTS CASE STUDYCURRENT MARKETS Market Penetration Product outgrowth CURRENT MARKETS Expansion of Products NEW MARKETS Market Development variegation NEW MARKETS of Markets variegation 27 The Growth Matrix Sub-strategies Existing Market Penetration -Intensification. -Relaunching. -Imitation. -Reduction of costs/prices. -Disaggregation. Product Development -New products (R&D, innovation). -New product lines. -New services. MARKETS New Market Development -New territoriesINTERNATIONALIZATION. -New segments of purchasers. -New distribution channels. -N ew possibilities for utilization. Diversification -Concentric (or related). By conglomerates (or unrelated). Existing PRODUCTS New 28 INTERNATIONALIZATION & GLOBALIZATION 29 INTERNATIONALIZATION & GLOBALIZATION Reading Chinas develop food industry faces scrutiny 30 International Strategy Opportunities and Outcomes Identify International Opportunities Explore Resources and Capabilities Use Core Competence Strategic Competitiveness focal point Outcomes Problems and Risks International Strategies Increased Market Size Return on Investment Economies of Scale and Learning Location Advantage International Business-Level Strategy (*) Multidomestic Strategy global Strategy transnational StrategyModes of Entry Exporting Licensing Strategic Alliances Acquisition Establishment of New Subsidiary Higher Performance Returns Innovation (*) Low cost or Differentiation. Standardization vs Adaptation. Multidomestic vs Global. Management Problems and Risks Strength of Market Drivers Aircraft Comput ers Auto liquids Soft Drinks Toothpaste sell Banking Book Publishing Baked Goods Low Multidomestic High Global Strength of Cost Drivers Pharmaceuticals Aircraft Computers Automobiles Toothpaste Retail Banking Baked Goods Soft Drinks Low Multidomestic High Global Corporate-Level International StrategiesMulti-Domestic Strategy Strategy and operating decisions are decentralized to strategic business units (SBU) in each(prenominal) country. Products and services are tailored to local anaesthetic markets. Business units in each country are independent of each other. It assumes markets differ by country or regions. Focus on competition in each market. Prominent strategy among European firms due to broad variety of cultures and markets in Europe. Corporate-Level International Strategies Global Strategy Products are standardized across national markets. Decisions regarding business-level strategies are centralized in the home office.Strategic business units (SBU) are assumed to be interd ependent. Emphasizes economies of scale. Often lacks responsiveness to local markets. Requires resource sharing and coordination across borders (which also makes it difficult to manage). Corporate-Level International Strategies Transnational Strategy Seeks to achieve both global efficiency and local responsiveness. Difficult to achieve because of simultaneous requirements for strong central control and coordination to achieve efficiency and local flexibility and decentralization to achieve local market responsiveness. Must pursue organisational learning to achieve competitive advantage.International Corporate Strategy When is each strategy appropriate? High Global Strategy Need for Global Integration Transnational MultiDomestic Low Low High Need for Local Market Responsiveness Effective Standardization Coca-Cola McDonalds Barbie The All-American Girl Goes Overseas Barbie is more than 40 years old. exchange in 130 countries. National adaptations Physical features. Costumes. Activ ity sets. Standardized physique Scaled to 62, 110 lbs. 38-18-28. Effective Adaptation McMutton Pie in Australia. Wendys shrimp sandwich in Japan. Campbells noncondensed soups in the UK. Coca-Colas 175 ml containers in Japan.Cadillac Seville 1997 Asian edition Right-hand drive, shorter seats, closer pedals, 10 shorter & retractable mirrors. Limits to International Expansion (beyond political and economic risks) Management Problems Cost of coordination across diverse geographical business units. Institutional and cultural barriers. Understanding strategic intent of competitors. The overall complexity of competition. DIVERSIFICATION Why? Growth, Profitability and Risk Reduction Dont put all your eggs in one ring 42 DIVERSIFICATION Three essential shews for judging diversification (Porter) -The attractiveness test Is the target industry attractive?Use the 5forces model to assess its attractiveness. -The cost-of-entry test Is the cost of the diversification worth it? Will the divers ified firm create enough additional value to justify the cost? -The better-off test Does the diversification move produce opportunities for synergies? Will the company be better off after the diversification than it was before? How and why? Potential advantages 1. Economies of scope (cost savings from using a resource in multiple activities carried out in combination). 2. home(a) market (for capital and staff). Reading Perils of diversification. The era of diversification, 50s-80s. Refocusing, 90s-onwards. 43 DIVERSIFICATION Because of its high risk, umteen companies attempting to diversify have led to failure. However, there are some good examples of successful diversification -Virgin Group moved from music production to travel and mobile phones. -Walt Disney moved from producing animated movies to theme parks and vacation properties. -Canon diversified from a camera-making company into producing an entirely new range of office equipment. 44 DIVERSIFICATION Reading Toyota tunes up violinplaying robot 45 Diversification & PerformanceThe findings of empirical research How do diversified firms perform relative to specialised firms? -No consistent, systematic relationship has been emerged. -High levels of diversification are associated with deteriorating positiveness. -Timing is key. Does related diversification outperform unrelated diversification? -Diversification into related industries should be more profitable than diversification into unrelated industries. -Peters and Watermans golden dominion Stick to the Knitting. Empirical studies have defined relatedness in terms of similarities Operational relatedness.Strategic relatedness. 46 Related Diversification Businesses are distinct but their value chains possess strategic fit in operations, marketing, management, R&D. distribution, labor, etc. Therefore, they tend to exploit economies of scope. Tend to (historically) outperform unrelated diversifications. 47 Unrelated Diversification No common linkage or element of strategic fit among SBUs i. e. , no meaningful value chain interrelationships. Dominant logic spreads businesses risk over multiple industries, stabilizing corporate profitability (in theory).Strategic approach any company that can be acquired on good financial terms & offers good prospects for profitability is a good business for diversification. Conglomerates (clusters of businesses under central, mainly financial, management control), such as GE. 48 Example GE Diversification helps to strengthen General electric automobile when one business is going badly, the other goes well, which contributes to the stability and growth of the company. These words of Ricardo Artigas, Vice President of the General Electric Company, clearly reflect the guts behind this trategic option, the result of which is a company configured into twelve divisions 1. Aircraft Engines 2. Appliances (domestic electrical appliances) 3. Capital Services (financing services for customers) 4. Lighting 5 . Medical Systems 6. NBC (television channel) 7. Plastics 8. Power Systems (electrical energy generation) 9. galvanising Distribution and Control (power cables, transformers, etc. ) 10. Information Services 11. Motors & Industrial Systems 12. Transportation Systems. 49 AN INTEGRATING APPROACH Leadership in costs Differentiation guardianship Growth Restructuring Internal External ExpansionDiversification of Products of Markets Concentric Conglomerate Vertical Integration Horizontal Integration 50 AN INTEGRATING APPROACH GROWTH STRATEGIES Expansion Internal Diversification Expansion External Diversification of Products of Markets Concentric Conglomerate of Products of Markets Concentric Conglomerate Strategic Advantage Costs Differentiation Readings from the textbook Pascual & Lagasa -internal growth based on diversification- Fontaneda & La Casera -external 51 growth based on the expansion of products and markets-. Progress is when things get simpler, not more complicated Bruno Muna ri, Italian artist. 52

The Scarlet Pimpernel

orth As A The rubicund burnet bloodwort Sir Percys Worth as A Hero In the novel The Scarlet Pimpernel, written by Bar superstarss Orczy, Sir Percy Blankley is commensurate to deceive those he loves in order to bear on the lives of those he barely knows. leading(a) a double life, he acts as a fool of an English lord in order hide the fact that he is really a cunning, elusive man who goes by the name The Scarlet Pimpernel. When using this name to do his good deeds, Sir Percy risks his life in order to rescue French aristocracy.E trulyone regards The Scarlet Pimpernel as a hero he has all the characteristics of a hero about him, and they are genuinely strong in his personality. Sir Percy is also very good at disguising his heros true identity, although he did have rather oblivious plenty around him. He was a hero who did what he needed to do proficiently and did so without unnecessary violence. During the 1790s, The French Revolution was tearing apart France. Commoners killed the very people they were to look to for leadership. Those aristocrats had been irresponsible and had spent taxes frivolously and now the commoners wanted justice.In England at that time, things were much different. The people were at peace and society was moving forward. The stark difference between these places provides excellent settings for the book, helping the reader realize the cruelty of the French peoples endless killing, as opposed to the serenity and peacefulness of England. Sir Percy could be described as many things. One of these characteristics is selflessness. It is shown how even the people around him could easily tell of how he would gladly sacrifice his life for theirs She looked at Sir Andrew with eager curiosity.The young mans face had become closely transfigured. His eyes shone with enthusiasm hero-worship, love, admiration for his leader seemed literally to glow upon his face. The Scarlet Pimpernel, Mademoiselle, he said at last, is the name of a humble English wayside flower but I also the name chosen to hide the identity of the best and bravest man in all the world, so that he may better succeed in accomplishing the noble task he has set himself to do. (Orczy 34). Another fine example of this characteristic is from the perspective of one whom he rescues solely the Comtesse shook her head, still incredulously.To her it seemed preposterous that these young men and their great leader, all of them rich, probably wellborn, and young, should for no other motive than sport, run the terrible risks, which she knew they were constantly doing. Their nationality, formerly they had set foot in France, would be no safeguard to them. Anyone found harbouring or assisting suspected royalists would be ruthlessly condemned and summarily executed, whatever his nationality might be. (Orczy 35). Comtesse finds it so uncanny that a rich Englishman would waste his time and risk his life for people with whom he has no relationship.This kind of rare selfles sness is easily same to that of the classic Marvel superhero Captain America each of them would willingly give up his life if it meant another might live. The Scarlet Pimpernel demonstrates his bravery very well. He is willing to got to France in order to save his wifes brother You are not going to the North, I feel convinced in that respect is some mystery and Nay, there is no mystery, Madame, he replied, with a slight tone of impatience. My business has to do with Armand there Now, have I your leave to lead off? With Armand? But you will run no danger? Danger? I? Nay, Madame, your solicitude does me honour. As you say, I have some influence my intention is to work out it before it be too late (Orczy 136). He is unafraid to go to Armands aid, which the reader can find as extraordinary, seeing as how he would have to go up against the deadly French agent M. Chauvelin. He also sees the fact that his wife needs him to take action as an honor, and he carries out her requests with pride You will come back? she said tenderly. Very currently he replied, looking longingly into her blue eyes. And you will remember? she asked as her eyes, in response to his look, game him an infinity of promise. I will always remember, Madame, that you have honoured me by commanding my services (Orczy 138). His valor and fearlessness is uncommon, and can be respected. Such honor and bravery resembles that of Steve Jobs. He had a predetermined goal and a strong will to accomplish this task, daring to do what others thought was undoable and would not dare to do.A beautiful portrayal is of Sir Percys passion is when he is torn between the one he loves and doing his duty as the Scarlet Pimpernel I pray you, Madame, he said, whilst his voice shook almost as much as hers, in what way can I serve you? (Orczy 128). He knew he must return to France to help the Comte de Tournay, but yet such love and passion for his wife cannot be hidden. Because he cannot reveal the fact tha t he is the Scarlet Pimpernel to his beloved wife, he must act as a fool who does not have much feeling towards her his wife, but when he has the chance, he shows affection in hat little was he can He was but a man madly, blindly, passionately in love, and as soon as her light footsteps had died away within the house, he knelt down upon the terrace steps, and in the very madness of his love he kissed one by one the places where her small foot had trodden, and the stone balustrade there, where her tiny hand had rested last. (Orczy 131). Such enthusiasm for something is very similar to Walt Disneys passion to create a perfect society for adults and children. He went above and beyond the duty he put before himself, just as Sir Percy did.The elusive Scarlet Pimpernel (Orczy 97) is surely a great hero. Having all of the requirements and characteristics of a hero, he is able to spring into action ready to save the day He is not recognized by his enemies and is able to fulfill all of the tasks he puts before him. He is diligent at what he does and only uses force when necessary. With his 19 assistants by his side, he is able to save the lives of the French aristocracy and bring them to safety. Sir Percy Blankley, a. k. a. The Scarlet Pimpernel, is a hero no doubt about it.

American Literature and Research

Society affects the get it ons of concourse who live in it. It dictates how they should behave and establishes norms that argon expected to be obeyed otherwise people who do not fulfill the expectations are considered as deviant, seditious and clubs outcasts. Society, however, is susceptible to change, as it is highly shaped by the events and its resulting pervasive ideas, occurring in certain periods of time.The three stories, The Vanishing American tramp steamer by Jack Kerouac, Harrison Bergeron by Kurt Vonnegut and spends Home by Ernest Heming dash cl atrial auriclely illustrates how society changes and how it affects the people in it and how people attempts to suppress deviance. The story Soldiers Home is a story of a young domain who returns as a changed man to Oklahoma in 1919 later the First conception War. This story was first published in 1925. The young soldier Harold Krebs enlisted in the Marines and goes to war for two years.When he returns home it is very obvio us that he is not the same hopeful, slick, religious young man in the picture who goes to a Methodist College and enjoys college lives with fraternity brothers anymore. Now he is passive and refers to himself as not bulge out of the Kingdom. Moreover, it seems he does not require to be involved with life in general, the reason is that, He did not want consequences . he wanted to live along without consequences, therefore he withdrew (Hemingway 2007).Around him there is an air and sense of loss, he even has to lose his own war stories as he had to tell lies astir(predicate) his experiences since people in his town decided they have had enough of the stories of atrocities related by the soldiers who came home earlier than him. Moreover, there are so umteen affaires that he does not want to take part anymore even suit as it states, He did not want to have to do any courting (Hemingway 2007). It is pretty obvious that the war had changed Krebs, and the line he couldnt make her see it, when he comforts his mother after telling her that he does not love her, hinted to the reason (Hemingway 2007).The war had taught him a throne of things including stifling his emotions. And most importantly, he could not explain to his mother what he had gone through in the war, he could not make her understand and see the horror the war has undetermined him. But his family, especially his parents, could not see why he has to dally that way while the other soldiers in the neighborhood had clearly moved on, having good jobs and getting married, and so they pressured him to go punt to the normal society. The First realness War brought many countries into a orbicular armed conflict that was considered the first devastating and horrible event in all of human history.People died by the thousands and many suddenly find themselves losing their family and friends. The soldiers, especially, are daily exposed not only to the hardships of war barely the terror and anxiety that acco mpanies it. Trench warfare specifically exposed the soldiers to a very harsh, stagnant and extremely dangerous environment. Right before their eyes skulls and brains were blown away(p). An example of a horrible incident is when a man who had the top of his head blown away was groaning like an animal for three hours before he died (Hemingway Lecture Notes).Soldiers surrounding him cannot avoid being affected by such painful human torture, as they were helpless to ease his pain. No wonder that an incident like this made many soldiers who return home after the war broken, without hope and suffer emotional numbness and disbelief like Krebs did. According to the Department of Veterans Affairs it is normal that soldiers experiences a kind of trauma (shellshock and domiciliate traumatic stress disorder) after the war since it is indeed a very shocking human experience.Soldiers feel somehow dissociated from what they know is normal life. It is contingent that the other soldiers like Char ley Simmons who easily adjusted to normal life in Oklahoma did not suffer as much as Krebs did. Studies revealed that soldiers do not experience the same kind of trauma as not all of them are exposed to more prolonged, extensive, and horrifying situation as Krebs probably was. However, society mold pressure on them by expecting them to move on, to forget the war (National Center 2007).The short story Harrison Bergeron reflects the 1950s treaty lifestyle and the rebellious protestation of a young boy against it. It was published in 1961. The story describes the hopeful and desperate attempts of that society to eliminate differences and to achieve equality especially in terms of intellect and physical appearance. If any man has above normal average intelligence, they put a metal handicap radio in his ear which in every 20 seconds, a noise from the government transmitter will interrupt his thinking, so that he cannot use his intelligence for his advantage.If a fair sex is beautiful, a hideous mask covers her face to conceal her beauty. Moreover, people are burdened with sashweights and bags of birdshot to keep them from being graceful in their movements or to reduce their strength. The caput is, anything that can make them look as superior from every body else are made into a handicap. They do not want to go back to the dark ages again, with everybody competing against everybody else (Vonnegut 2005).Moreover, the idea of disobeying the law, when Hazel suggested that they made a hole to take out some lead balls from the birdshot canvas bag, was an unthinkable thing for according to George, The nice people start cheating on laws, what do you think happens to society( Vonnegut 2005)? They believe that cheating on laws brings social upheavals that they do not like. The strange thing is that Hazel and George and the people around them seem to get used to the idea of union, as George states, I dont notice it any more. It just a part of me (Vonnegut 2005).However , their son, Harrison, is put into jail and eventually killed for rebelling against it. As the Handicapper General attacked their son on TV, parents of Harrison were not able to help him. Two are several forces that led into the conformity of the 1950s the Korean conflict and the threat of communism. But the underlying root cause of it all is the fear of the terrors of war that they previously experienced in the certify World War. Therefore to avoid any conflict, social conformity is encouraged since they believed that conformity is unity.The place of men and women in society were clearly defined women bind home while the men go out to work and achieve the American dream. This is being depicted by Hazel and George Bergeron Hazel stays at home while George works. Men are especially drawn to the collective idea of organization man they were expected to work in corporations, to put on flannel suits and pursue the American dream. The American dream is like the Handicapper General that dictates the ideas and dreams of the people. Every one is encouraged to think and act alike and was abstracted with the lure of consumerism and materialism. compliancy are also seen in the sameness of house designs , like the one in Levittown and the sameness of appetite, as Americans began to be obsessed with fast foods. Conformity was especially achieved with the aid of Television. As in the story, all of the action occurred in front of the Television (Costello 2007). However, the young generations are beginning to rebel, as symbolized by Harrison, but the force of conformity was so strong that parents are in bondage to it, unable to extend the necessary psychological and emotional help that their children desperately needed.The Vanishing American Hobo was published in 1960. It tells of the experiences of the hobos as they travels like vagabonds from place to place across America usually with back packs on their backs. They are a people who choose to live as exiles of society, wh o sleep just anywhere, to experience the freedom that they desire, Theres nothing nobler than to put up with a few inconveniences like snakes and dust for the pursuit of absolute freedom (Kerouac 2008). But freedom from what?Obviously from their restrictive society who dictates what they should do or have. According to Kerouac, the hobo is born of pride, having nothing to do with a community but with himself and other hobos and maybe a dog (Kerouac 2008). This means that they are proud of their lifestyle or subculture, that they deliberately do not want to associate with society and maintain little intimate interest with other people, aside from the hobos like them. The author laments that they are quickly becoming a vanishing lot because of the police and the media.The police, riding in their tax-paid police, cars searches for them everywhere suspecting them as possible spies against the government while the media, on the other hand, portray them as the rapist, the strangler, and child-eater so that adults and children stay away from them and no longer provides them with the food that they need (Kerouac 2008). This shows clearly the attempts of the government to suppress the subculture that they symbolizes and to force them back to what is normal.In the wake of the conformity of the 1950s arises the bond generation. Beat generation is attributed to Jack Kerouac. Though it could mean being defeated or weary of life like being pushed up against the wall or implying a sense of being used or raw Jack would also like it to refer to what is beatific (The Beat Generation Lecture). Jack and his friends, in ushering in the beat generation, encourages the protest of the 60s against the established society of materialism, where everyone are encouraged to own cars and decent homes.The generation, having experienced uncertainties of the Depression and the terror of war in childhood, is a disillusioned lot who desperately wants to hold on to something that they can belie ve in(Beat Generation Lecture Notes Abieva no date). They do not find such content in the collective conformity of the 1950s, the generation of their fathers. In fact, they do not trust this collective society who was responsible for the bad circumstances of depression and global wars.The hobos, particularly, are glorified as people who defy the restrictive and demanding norms of society in pursuit of freedom. They symbolize the solitary desire of that generation, to be left alone, to fingers breadth things out for themselves, to search for meaning. As the period was compounded by hysteria of the rise of communism, it seems that the right thing to do in that generation, to preserve ones individual identity, is to arrest that society.Attempts were made to discourage this deviance (subculture) as what McCarthy did in his pursuit against communism. The media and police were effective tools for suppression (Abieva, no date). The three stories therefore clearly give an insight into th e societies in the periods of American history following just after turbulent struggles. The horrors and uncertainties of the Wars and Depression molded the consciousness of the people, and as they try to cope with the challenge of their era, it therefore changed their way of thinking and lifestyle.People become united for certain causes and also united in their sufferings. However, some people do try to get out of its safe mold, to mutilate a life according to the dictates of their own minds. To be different is what scares most people so that society always attempts to suppress this deviance back to conformity by exerting force or pressure. Works Cited Abieva, Natalia. Protest and Experiment in the Literature of the Beat Generation. Fairfield University. no date. Accessed November 4, 2008 Costello, Mr. Conformity Notes 1950s Lecture On Society. Canfield Foundation Website. marching music 2007. Accessed November 4, 2008 http//servtlc. access-k12. org/ achievement/Fifties_Conform ity. htm Hemingway, Ernest. Soldiers Home. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 2007. Accessed November 4, 2008 Kerouac , Jack. The Vanishing American Hobo.Cloud Bird Trail Home. 2008. Accessed November 4, 2008 National Center for Posttraumatic Stress deflect . United States Department of Veterans Affairs. May 2007. Accessed November 4, 2008 Vonnegut, Kurt. Harrison Bergeron. West Valley College. September 2005. Accessed November 4, 2008

Moral values, ethics and philosophy Essay

The dream of a child starts with a stereo type suggestion from parents that the baffle will be a doctor engineer. The baby has no new(prenominal) option to dream of being doctor or engineer. Our education system was framed by the British rulers to create civil servants to shell out their purpose. They had created dreams of civil service. As a legacy of the British and the Pakistani system we inherited Bangladesh Civil value (BCS). However, the glory of civil service has been fading gradu wholey. Education system at home and abroad this instant aims at creating total executives. The present dream of the youngsters is to find jobs in mobile phone comp any(prenominal).Considering the good market, the orphic entrepreneurs established a number of private universities where degrees are offered on Computer science, Engineering, Medical Science and trade Administration. These universities have less interest in friendly science. Philosophy is a less prioritised subject in the unive rsity and simply any student is found having interest to study Philosophy.The people living in the twenty-first century have no time to waste in a very ancient theatre of study like philosophy. People now send their children to universities to groom them up as futurity executives in Multinational companies. Students are more interested to obtain professional degrees rather than education in social science. The new generation has different attitude towards life style, human relation, demand and satisfactionWe can not live alone. The world is one family and living in this planet demands co-operation with others. Philosophy teaches the discipline of humanity. It defines how to think, how to reason, how to put in concert good arguments, how to analyse alternatives and action and evaluate its consequences.Human society creates ideas and thoughts philosophy guides principle of human life. Without it, at that place can be no accredited government, no institution. It is philosophy that has created human ideologies, interpretations, and viewpoints. Philosophy is at the amount of every issue, at the center of every change within society, and within every radical consummation human beings have created. Any tradition, any ideology, any religion has behind them a philosophy. The problem perchance is that common people in immediatelys society do not like manifold thoughts, the moment they see an obstacle, they scream in rage, they want the simplistic philosophy of a society that consumes and moves and moves and neer stops.The consumption loving practical people believe that there is no particular use for philosophy, because it deals with intangible asset ideas, which cannot be proved scientifically or verified objectively, and which have nothing to do with providing greater instrument comforts or material progress.The teaching starts with parents telling what it is wrong to lie, cheat, and steal. These children grow up and enter into the real world with some kn owledge of right and wrong. But object lessons are learnt throughout our lives as we chap with others. In the work place, people learn responsibility, teamwork, punctuality, and communication skills.Doctors obtain a guarantee from patient indemnifying him of any accident during operation, lawyers appear for client but do not guarantee of winning. Auditors inspect books of accounts and certify justness of transactions but there is no control over his sincerity to verify transaction. The society relies on their ethical standard and practice. Baby sitter even the mother look after baby and the woodland and standard of care and service depend upon their own sincerity.Government can enforce setting up waste water treatment machine in industries to save the environment from pollution and there is hardly a method to ensure proper use of waste water treatment but the ethics can regulate the management to protect the universe from adverse effect of economicactivities.In todays society, laws and contracts are enforced to make sure that the tune deals are fair. We live in a society wherein no device, rule or law can control certain things, actions and behaviours. The self-teaching and self ordination can address the situation..Human being needs solo knowledge, self training and self commandment to apply the test through any ethical standard. All will eventually confront moral problems with social, political, or legal dimensions in their roles as citizens, scholars, professionals, parents, members of their communities, and as human beings.The society has be pass open and requires a self administration and control. This self control is through values, ethical motive and ethics. Society must develop values, morals and ethics. They all provide doingsal rules.Values are the rules by which we make decisions about right and wrong, should and shouldnt, good and bad. Morals have a greater social element to values and tend to have a very broad acceptance. Morals are far m ore about good and bad than other values.Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality-that is, concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice, etc. Ethics develop feelings of right or wrong. Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society accepts. In any society, most people accept standards that are, in fact, ethical. But standards of behavior in society can deviate from what is ethical. An entire society can become ethically corrupt. Nazi Germany is a good example of a morally corrupt society.Ethics has standards of right and wrong that prescribe what piece ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues. Ethics, for example, refers to those standards that impose the reasonable obligations to refrain from rape, stealing, murder,assault, slander, and fraud. Ethical standards imply honesty, compassion, and loyalty.Democracy is a free will under certain guidance, norm and practice. Democracy can not function without ethics. Bangladesh is lacking democracy due to lack of ethical and moral practice of democracy.Members of different organisations wee-wee oath of allegiance and Invocation. They use to declare some ethical standard of business and profession. The declaration of step of production of manufacturers is in the same line of self regulation and promise to practice.A good and in(predicate) professional should have the ethics, values and standards of profession and make their application a consistent feature in all aspects of work. This will include taking personal responsibility for actions and regularly reflecting on experiences to inform future actions and decision making. Human must both act and be seen to act ethically and with the utmost integrity.The professionals should abet professional ethics, values and standards, behave with integrity and objectivity, and maintain professional competence, confidentiality, keeping up to date with all codes of conduct and professional standards, informing clients about the ethical standards that apply to professional activities, monitoring compliance with pertinent legislation, standards and regulations and the law of the country.The workplace compliance of quality policy, citizen charter etc are part of ethics of profession which come from philosophy as the law can not reach workplace and inside mind and rawness to control our thinking and action with others in the society. The codes of educational institutes, parents, colleagues at workplace and society at boastful even the service club and professional bodies teach us ethics and human dignity. It upholds the ethics of business and profession.The teaching of formal education and non formal education of philosophy isback bone of society and buns of all knowledge. That is why the business and profession should be regulated by philosophy and not only law and regulation.The writer i s pursuing PhD in Open University, Malaysia, and can be reached at email shahbanglachemical.com

Producing a modern version of the play Essay

What difficulties get under ones skin you experienced in producing a modern version of the play and how concord you gone virtually solving these? A Midsummer Nights dream count ons at numerous themes and issues surrounding bed and magic. The play looks into love, relationships, magic and how men and women treat each other. The play starts off with dickens minor characters in the play that appear at the beginning and at the end, Duke Theseus of Athens and Hippolyta the Queen of the viragos discussing their forthcoming wedding. This part of the play creates images of weddings and romances. Recurrent images throughout the play appear here the moon, enlightenment and fate.There is a romantic odour and the diction is as well as romantic as the Duke says she lingers my desires. The theme is love. Egeus, Hermias father enters angry with his daughter, and Lysander whom she is in love with. Egeus tries to threaten Hermia into marrying Demetrius. This is whom Egeus would alike his d aughter to be with, as he believes Demetrius can do no wrong and would care for Hermia unconditionally. Hermia is then given an ultimatum she either marries Demetrius or dies. The language is full of hatred and full of vexation come I. This gives imagery of fantasies.The theme is of stolen love and fantasy. The shade of the actors is harsh and changes toward the end when Egeus says stubborn harshness. And, my gracious Duke . Hermia loves Lysander with all her heart. She doesnt want to marry Demetrius and she certainly does not want to die, so the love-struck couple decide to escape and run off to the woods to be wed. Hermia sticks up for Lysander and says he is a worthy gentleman. The topic is that Hermia would die for Lysander she doesnt desire Demetrius. The language is full of anti-Demetrius, and the tone is occupied with sadness.Once a promote there are recurrent images of the moon, suggesting fate will deal its avow hand this occurs when on Dianas altar is mentioned. Godd ess of chasity and moon means this. Just as the two preteen l overs head towards the wood they meet capital of Montana. Helena is a good friend of Hermia. She loves Demetrius, and is very jealous of Hermias beauty, for she is whom Demetrius loves. They tell Helena of their plans to elope. She then tells Demetrius to get on the good side of him (because he loves Hermia). The language in this area of the play is full of jealousy, and has a bitter tone.Hermia greets Helena with God speed, unobjectionable Helena Whither away? and she replies in a very cold and resentful tone saying Call me fair? Demetrius loves your fair. We then meet the actors, also known as the mechanicals that are going to perform an act at Duke Theseus and Hippolytas wedding. We find out they are not the cleverest of people. One actor who is called Nick do-nothing is introduced to us and his occupation is a weaver. We discover he is greedy and wants to take over everyones parts in the play. Bottom uses rhyme and rhythm when he speaks reciting poem.A Midsummer Nights dream is about two worlds, earth and the king world. In the fairy world we meet a fairy, servant to titania and Puck (Robin Goodfellow), Oberons lieutenant. We learn of Pucks mischievous behaviour. The fairy introduces us to Puck with such rhyme and rhythm creating calmness, ironic to Pucks character. Oberon and Titania are king and queen of the fairy world. Together they are parents to an Indian child servant. However, the two argue about whom the child is to stay with. We gain knowledge of who loves whom in the real world. Titania blames Oberon for the natural disasters in the real world.Titania suggests that the result of the quarrel causes strong gusts of wind, stormy sea, fog, loss of crop, floods, frosts etc. She also says that they have caused murrion, murrain is a fatal disease in sheep caused by wetness. In nows society we can relate to this as we have experienced the terrible foot and mouth disease spread aroun d the whole countryside. However, we cannot relate to the natural disasters as a result of quarrelling as these are occurrences which no one human beingness has force and avow over. Due to the argument between the king and the queen of the fairy world Oberon decides to take revenge over Titania.He remembers of a flower, which contains a potion. The potion will make a living being fall in love with the first living thing they see. You can convey the magic of the flower with an anti-drugs to appeal to todays society. Helena and Demetrius enter the wood. Helena tells Demetrius how she feels, but he doesnt feel the same way. She is refractory to win over his heart, and whatever Demetrius says and does, despite the nature of it, Helena falls more deeply in love with him. Helena keeps on following Demetrius, she throws herself at him at every opportunity she has and she doesnt like to not see him.Demetrius tone of voice is hostile and his language is full of hatred. Images created are of hate. Demetrius says Tempt not too much the hatred of my spirit for I am sick when I do look at thee. Images of hell are also present. Oberon listens into the conversation between the pair, and he decides to side with Helena. He decides to ease Helena out, as he feels she deserves someone to treat her fairly, and someone that will make her very happy. He tells Puck to drop some of the potion from the magical flower into Demetrius eyes. Whilst Titania is sleeping Oberon put the magical drops into her eyes. base while Lysander and Hermia enter the woods and fall asleep. Puck saw Lysander in the woods, confused, he put the drops into his eyes. Helena then goes deeper into the woods after losing track of Demetrius. She sees Lysander on the floor. He is still and very pale, and Helena thinks he is dead. She begins to shake him and he awakes. Lysander looks into Helenas eyes and he falls instantly in love with her he does not love Hermia any more, thanks to the magical flower. Lysan der follows Helena leaving Hermia alone he tries to convince her of his undying love. As Hermia is left alone asleep she has a terrible incubus.She has a nightmare of a serpent eating her heart. The images create a vision of hell. Hermia wakes to find Lysander is not there, she is scared and very worried. The actors try to find a convenient place for their rehearsal. They discover the wood is the perfect position to practice. The actors interminably seek to find fault with the play. They suggest that the killing of Pyramus could not be shown because it would scare the women watching. They also recommended that they could not have the part of a lion roaring as the audience would be afraid. After the squabble getting the play started, they began.Puck enters on scene he is unseen and unheard. He thinks to himself what do we have here? Pucks character is portrayed as a mischievous character this shows when he plants an asss head on Bottoms head. The mechanicals create humor with wor d play, and also there are many misunderstandings. The actors do not know what impact they are having on the audience, as they are not supposed to be comedic. However they are and dont know which adds humour to the language and imagery. Bottom is puzzled as the actors surrounding him run away from him calling him names whilst being afraid.This is very ironic. He wonders around singing and whistling to himself. Titania awakes and when she notices Bottom she instantly falls in love with him. She instructs her fairies to tend to his every need. Imagery and themes of slavery are presented here. Puck explains to Oberon about his incident with Bottom and he agrees it was better than he could have devised. The duo watch Hermia and Demetrius in an argumentative conversation. Hermia believes Demetrius has hidden Lysander from her, so he can have her for himself this is far from the truth.Demetrius tried to justify himself, but Hermia would have none of it. He eventually gave in, lied on the floor and fell asleep. Oberon realises Puck has made a mistake with the magical flower. We are then with Lysander and Helena, and Lysander is still trying to convince Helena of his love for her. Demetrius wakes to find Helena, and once again the magic begins, he loves Helena. Helena thinks the two men are lying to her, trying to mock her. She thinks everyone is in on the supposed plot, including Hermia whom now enters dazed and confused. This suggests the theme and idea of love is confusing.

My bondage and my freedom summary Essay

His grandmother was his brio, but when he was seven years old she took him to live on a plantation of Colonel Edward Lloyd. Which sepa browsed him from his family, brothers and sisters? Being a slave made them strangers. Pg(48) he wrote that he was told that his master was his let. When he describes his younger years on the plantation his mother died and his aunt ester was whipped. When he was a sec older he lived in Baltimore he had a new master Hugh Auld who was a commit carpenter. Fredrick says that he was treated like a pig on the plantation. His masters wife was dogma him how to read and when his master found out he wanted it stopped immediately. He thought that slaves should have sex nothing.In the chapters 13-20 at the age of 15 is when he fially escapes freedom. One trouble over, and on comes another, Douglass says The slaves life is full of uncertainty (pg 170 his particular period of uncertainty begins with the death of Captain Anthony, who, Douglass notes, had remain ed his master in fact, and in law, though he had become in form the slave of Master Hugh.Captain Anthonys death necessitates a division of his human property, and soon afterwards, Hugh Auld sends Douglass to work at his brother doubting Thomass plantation ). When Master Thomas finds that severe whippings do not cause any subgross improvement in Douglass character, he hires the young slave out to Edward lot, who is reputed to be a first rate hand at breaking young negroes (pg 203).. The oxen run away, and Covey punishes Douglass harshly. But Douglass does not think of to be broken either, and his year with Covey culminates in a violent fistfight with the overseer. In 1835, Douglass leaves Covey to work for William Freeland, a well-bred southern gentleman, noting that he was the best master I ever had, until I became my own master (pgs 258-268). After an uneventful year, Douglass devises his first escape plan, conspiring with five other young anthropoid slaves (pg 279). However, t heir scheme is detected, Douglass is imprisoned for a time, and finally Thomas Auld sends him back to live with Hugh (pg 303).While working in a Baltimore shipyard as a hired laborer, Douglass is savagely beaten and nearly killed by four ovalbumin shipcarpenters.Nevertheless, the job allows Douglass to save some money, finally enabling him to make his escape in folk 1838. Douglass does not reveal the full details of his escape in My Bondage and My Freedom, fearing that he might thereby prevent a brother in suffering from escaping the chains and fetters of slavery (p.323). (He narrates his escape in Life and times of Frederick Douglass, published well after emancipation). Instead, Douglass skips to his first impressions of life in New York less than a calendar week after leaving Baltimore, I was walking amid the hurrying throng, and gazing upon the dazzling wonders of Broadway (p. 336)Chapter 24 describes Douglass tumultuous Atlantic overlap on a ship full of slave-owners, his e xploits as a traveling lecturer in England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, and the umteen dear friends abroad who collaborate to purchase Douglasss freedom from Thomas Auld in 1846 (p 373). Chapter 25 recalls Douglasss plan to start a newspaper after returning to the United States, which he realizes with the inspection and repair of his friends in England despite some unexpected resistance from his abolitionist friends in Boston (p 392-393). This difference of vox populi was emblematic of a larger rift between Douglass and the followers of William Lloyd Garrison over various points of political philosophy.Determined to circulate his newspaper from a neutral location, Douglass begins printing The North Star in celestial latitude 1847 and moves his family to Rochester, New York, in 1848. He concludes My Bondage and My Freedom with a revised mission statement to abet the moral, social, religious, and intellectual elevation of the free colored people . . . to advocate the great and p rimary work of the public and unconditional emancipation of my entire race (p 306)

Economic Problem of Pakistan Essay

In this way thinking is the base of our voluntary behavior. Characteristics Of idea- * occupation- there is a trusted occupation, which has no readymade declaration underlying each and every thinking att devastation. * Associations- Thinking has a chain of associative thoughts and ideas which help to solve the riddle. * Analysis And Synthesis- Analysis and synthesis ar twain apply in thinking. Every aspect of puzzle is formerly analyzed respectively and latterly all(prenominal) of these aspects are synthesized to examine the relationship between stimuli and responses. * Presence Of Stimuli-Thinking does not need the presence of stimuli or objects to be sensed. * Physical Condition- The physical condition is at rest du plangency thinking . However, slight safari in the muscles, fingers, hands, arms, shoulders, eyebrows, lips and larynx are noticed in thinking. * Words And Language- Verbal symbols are used in thinking in a sub vocal activity. An un dissever talks to him self in a low t bingle * Source Of Knowledge- Thinking is a source of knowledge and is a high mental process in human beings. Animal also have thinking solely lesser past human beings. Animal thinking is purposive in nature and is expressed in the ancient stage.Human thinking is to a greater extent progressive and higher then animals as his life is more complex. Types Of Thinking There are two types of thinking * Autistic or crooked thinking * Realistic or straight thinking * Autistic Thinking- This type of thinking is of free associative ideas in which an respective(prenominal) remains busy in wishful thinking and satisfies his unconscious desires, unsolved hassles and conflicts. It occur when an individual fails to take on his desires, fails io achieve his coatings and aims of life.Types Of Autistic Thinking It can be further divided into two types * Fantasy or day dreaming * Dreams Realistic or Straight Thinking- Realistic thinking is a process which helps in difficulty resolve in the real environment with the use of practical neurophysiologic process of evident behavior in productive and reproductive thinking. Types Of Realistic Thinking It can be further divided into terzetto types * Problem solving * conclude * Creative thinking 1-Problem Solving Definition Of Problem- A situation when a person finds any obstacles on the way to goal achievements in a innovative and strange situation and he does not have any readymade information or knowledge to neck with the situation Solution of task-According to Jackson and Hyson Problem solving is the scientific practical didactics of neurophysiologic process instead of theoretical allegement of the internal thinking process and learning. Problem solving rung- In short problem solving is a process which occurs in the presence of problem arising situation. Types Of Problem- Problem are categorized in three ways * Arrangement problems Arrangement problem crave the problem solver to rearrange or recom bine the elements in a way that will fit a certain criterion Example Scrabbles in which we arrange different letters to make rowing * Inducing structureInducing structure requires a solver to identify the existing relationship among the elements giveed and then construct a new relationship among them. * Transformation problems Problem gives you only the start and end state and the procedure or method to be followed Example The problem of tower of Hanoi, in which 52 peal are to placed using the 3 pegs only with the condition that you cannot place a bigger ring on the smaller one Such problem are solved by the * Knowledge * rill and error method presented by Thorndike * Insight method presented by Koehler Thorndikes look intoIn 1898, Thorndike constructed problem boxes made of iron bars for many experiment. He used to imprison the hungry cats in these boxes and unploughed their food a piece of meat outside. The cats could encounter their food through these problems boxes or th e cages. Food worked as an incentive or positive reinforcement for the cat to come out and get foods. The problem was how to escaped the entry? These doors could be opened by pulling the cord or pressing the lever or by moving clutch Conclusion Of Thorndike Experiment He observed that the cats almosttimes hit their teeth or paw or the nose on the bars and used different method.Accidently they succeeded to open the door He conclude that the animal not only learn by trial and error but also can retain their learning by the method of association of thoughts between past and present experiences. This is bases on productive thinking INSIGHT METHOD Experiment In 1925 a gestalt psychologist Kohler said that test and error is not sufficient in problem solving. Insight is also necessary for the problem solving Kohler conducted experiment on monkeys to see how the monkeys solved their problems of getting bananas hanged so high in the center of ceiling.In one experiment he kept boxes in a corner and in the other experiment he kept small sticks. Conclusion He observed the monkeys in first experiment time-tested to get bananas by jumping high. In other experiment Kohler observed that the monkeys made use of the stick. It inserted punted end of one stick into other sticks. Afterward in 1926 he modified the process of acuteness is not a sudden act it recurs in the light of past experiences along with the perceptual organization. This was based on reproductive thinking Conclusion Of Both Experiments Researches show that some problems are solved by trials and error, and some other are solved by insight.Herbert birch in 1945 gave stick to the four year sometime(a) monkeys in a cage, and placed their food outside. Only one monkey used this stick as a tool to get its food, this monkey has already used this stick. The other monkeys were given three eld to play with sticks. These monkeys attained the experience of looking into the sticks, peeping through the holes, pressing and touching things beyond approach. Then on the fourth day they were able to solve their problems with the sticks. The solution of a problem attained by insight is not purely new but it is the consequence of the learning of past experiences.Factors influencing the problem solving pursuit are the factors which influence the problem solving * Intensity of the motivation It is the general view that the stronger motive provokers more struggle to solve the problem. Weaker motive creates distraction, stronger motive creates functional fixedness and medium motive is the best for problem solving as it encourage new responses. * Functional fixedness Functional fixedness is an inability to see the new use for a familiar tool. So a response set hinders the problem solving. * reply SetResponse set is a constant tendency to respond to a situation in a certain manner, double back to gestalt principle of perceptual organization wholeness, collectiveness and relativeness become the habit fami ly hierarchy which guinea pig hindrance in changing the response set and a rigidity causes difficulty in problem solving * Past Experience Past experience is facilitating in problem solving of the similar situational problem but is a hindrance in the new situation * Personal Context Every individual is influenced by his personal values, faith and creed and does not want to change his response set beyond it. Mental Set Mental se is to fudge mentally to do certain things in certain order. Mental set may be facilitating in problems solving for the desired situation. * Frustration and stress to a fault much stress and frustration cased by failure in the most difficult problem decrease the problem solving efficiency. * Social background An individual seldom has his individual problem as he does not live alone. He is an integral part of the society and he has to interact deep down the society, so his problems are social problems as a consequence of social interactions. 2- argument Def initionAccording to Philip G. Zimbardo Reasoning is a purposive thinking which collects information or data virtually the problem and to work on it in a traditional or a new way. Types Of Reasoning There are three types of reasoning * deductive reasoning * Inductive reasoning * Evaluative reasoning Deductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning proceeds on the basis of past knowledge. It draws stopping point from general bits of knowledge to specific presents. It follows the rules of Aristotelean logic. Inductive Reasoning Inductive reasoning is the essence of creative thinking both in cognition and arts.It leads from specific present to the more general conclusion. In this type of reasoning the thinkers build from known to unknown, and he may give more than one conclusion. Thus the conclusion is not totally predictable. Evaluative Reasoning Evaluative reasoning is critical in nature. It judges the correctness or suitability of an idea. The validity of the conclusion depends both upon the reasoning process and the example used. Step Of Evaluative Reasoning According to Holliman there are five steps in evaluative reasoning i. Establishing of the purpose and standard for the appropriate process ii.Evaluating the solution to proceed further iii. Finding out the correct responses to achieve the goals iv. Arranging the sequence of the responses and solutions to achieve the goal in time v. Compare the drawn conclusion with the given standard to accommodate validation and mastery Steps Of Reasoning * Identifying The Problems Reasoning cant take place in the absence of problem The problem must be sated explicitly so that its important may be evident and one should try to reason out for its solution * cookery For The Collection Of InformationThe second step is to prepare him to collect data and the necessary information about the problem by reading relative books by arranging the responses achieve from the past knowledge. * Analysis The third step is to analysis to co llect data agree to its merits and demerits * Synthesis After analysis one has to synthesis data by classifying correct and incorrect separately in systematic order to draw result. * Evaluation The last step is to evaluate the result to check the validity and reliability Principles Of Reasoning * Problem must be real.The information collected about the problem must be tangible. Reasoning must be clear, solid and evident. * Reasoning must be according to the proved logic. 3- Creative Thinking Definition According to Zimbardo and Ruche Creative thinking is the occurrence of uncommon or unusual but appropriate responses. Creativity is the process of choosing and shaping appropriate representation for a problem which lead an important discovery. Basically the creative response is not predictable until it is made a standard for the judgment of future creativity. Steps Of Creative Thinking Following are the steps of creative thinking. * Preparation Preparation is the first step in creat ive work.It start when a person observe ingrained phenomenon deeply, reads books, magazines and interact with creative people of his interest. * Incubation Incubation is a period of postponing the thinking process about a certain problems for creativity. Sometimes the preparation period is so longs or the ideas and information stored in idea are so overloaded that it becomes difficult for creator to choose and shape appropriately.Inspiration or flicker After or sometimes during the incubation period of rest, suddenly creators mind has a flash of light or illumination. He is inspired to write down in an automatic way. balk And Elaboration The last step of creative thinking is of the verification and elaboration. At this step the creator reviews his creation, check his mistakes, verifies it according to the social norms present it to the public, asks for their critical views and opinions about his work and tries to update it accordingly. Characteristic Of The Creative commonwealt h According to psychologist creative belongs to human traits. It is shown that there I particular patterns of psychological traits that characterized creative people disregardless of their age, cultural background and areas of work.